Digestive Systm

Question 1

7 classes of food

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucliec acids
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
roughage (fibre) very critical for gut mobility

Question 2

Why do we need carbs

Answer 2

Energy

Question 3

Why do we need proteins

Answer 3

Growth and repair

Question 4

What do we need nucleotides

Answer 4

To make dna

Question 5

Why do you need fats

Answer 5

Energy storage

Question 6

Why do we need mineral and vitamins

Answer 6

Essential for 100 of functions

Question 7

What does GI tract do

Answer 7

It takes large particles of food (polymers)
Makes them smaller (digestion)
Smallest molecules (monomers) are absorbed
Waste (non absorbed) is eliminated

Question 8

Types of carbs

Answer 8

Monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Polysaccharides (starch)

Question 9

Sugar in tea

Answer 9

Sucrose ( plant derived) sugar cane
Is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose
Fructose - monosaccharide goes to liver to make glucose and glycogen
Lactose - monomer of glucose goes to liver

Question 10

Fats (lipids)

Answer 10

3 fattys acids
1 glycerol

Question 11

Food and water - GI Tract in mouth ————>

Answer 11

2. Pharynx
3. Oesophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine - has accessory organs (liver and pancreas)
6. Large intestine ————> out the body

Question 12

Digestion two major activities

Answer 12

*Mechanical
Teeth (mastication)
Churning by muscles
- peristalsis-propulsion analward (longitudinal muscles)
- segmentation -mixing(circular muscles)
* chemical
Enzymes
Bile

Question 13

Three sets of salivary glands

Answer 13

Subli

Question 14

Content and function of saliva

Answer 14

Salivary amylase
Lubrication
Ph 6.35-7.0
Lingual Lipase

Question 15

Smell of mouth

Answer 15

Can provide health clues
Faeculent
Ammonia - liver failure
Pear drops - diabetes (smell of acetone)

Question 16

Uvula in throat

Answer 16

Seal of nasal cavity
Stops food going into nose

Question 17

Epiglottis

Answer 17

Stops food from going into trachea

Question 18

GI Tract layers

Answer 18

1. Muscosa
2. Sub mucosa
3. Muscularis
   4.Serosa

Question 19

Function of stomach

Answer 19

Production of gastric juice
Stimulated by release if hormone - gastrin)

Question 20

Components of gastric juice

Answer 20

1. Hydrochloric acid
2. Pepsinogen ( hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen to make enzyme pepsin)
3. Mucus

Question 21

What is the mixture of food and gastric juice called

Answer 21

Chyme

Question 22

Three different cells in production of gastric juice

Answer 22

1. Hydrochloric acid - parietal cells
2. Pepsinogen - Chief cells
3. Mucus - mucous cells

Question 23

Materials that will pass through the stomach wall

Answer 23

Water
Glucose
Certain salts
alcohol and lipid based drugs

Question 24

What is GORD

Answer 24

Gastro oesophageal reflux disease

Question 25

What is GORD

Answer 25

When gastric juice rises back up into the oesophagus through the lower oesophageal sphincter
Symptoms - burning pain, chest pain on bending or lying, heartburn
Manage with antacids

Question 26

Why do ulcers form

Answer 26

When mucosa, lining is exposed to gastric acid and its resistance (mucus production) is undermined

Question 27

How are ulcers managed

Answer 27

With antibiotics
PPI Drugs

Question 28

Average length of adult male small intestine

Answer 28

6.9m

Question 29

Adult female length small intestine

Answer 29

7.1m

Question 30

Small intestine is divided into 3 structural parts

Answer 30

1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum

Question 31

Function of small intestine

Answer 31

1. Digestion
2. Absorption

Question 32

What are bile salts

Answer 32

Sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate

Question 33

Bile pigments

Answer 33

1. Biliverdin
2. Bilirubin

Question 34

Main role of bile

Answer 34

Neutralise stomach acids entering duodenum
Emulsification of fats

Question 35

What are the enzymatic sources of digestion

Answer 35

1. Walls of small intestine
2. Pancreas

Question 36

Enzymes in pancreas

Answer 36

1. Pancreatic amylase
2. Pancreatic lipase
3. Trysinogen
4. Chymotrysinogen

Question 37

Hormones involved in digestion

Answer 37

1. Gastrin
2. Secretin
3. CCK

Question 38

What are hormonal controls

Answer 38

1. Gherlin
2. Leptin
3. Cortisol

Question 39

Ghrelin hormone

Answer 39

Hunger hormone stimulates appetite

Question 40

Leptin hormone

Answer 40

Satiety hormone
Blocks appetite
More Leptin made by fatter people but they may build up resistance to it

Question 41

Cortisol hormone

Answer 41

Stress hormone
Stimulates appetite and intake of palatable foods

Question 42

How does absorption take place

Answer 42

The jejunum contains villi that increases surface area
So products of digestion are absorbed into the bloodstream here
Larger fat molecules go into central lacteals if lymphatic system

Question 43

How else does absorption take place

Answer 43

The ileum contains villi
But it absorbs mainly b12 and bile acids as well as any remaining nutrients

Question 44

The brush border of small intestine

Answer 44

Microvilli

Question 45

Role of SI brush border

Answer 45

A series of digestive enzymes are found here
These include lactase, sucrase and other intestinal lipases and peptidases
These enzymes are involved in final stages of digestion of ingested proteins and carbs
Specialised for absorption

Question 46

Function of large intestine

Answer 46

6.7cm in diameter
Harbours good bacteria eg. E. coli
Store food residues prior to elimination as faeces
Secretion of mucus
Absorption of remaining water and sodium