The Life Cycle Flashcards
What is considered premature? Very premature? What is the APGAR score?
Premature: <32 weeks. APGAR - Apprearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration.
What are the postpartum “baby blues?” What may cause it? How often does major depression occur in new mothers? What about postpartum psychosis?
“Exaggerated emotionality & tearfulness lasting a few days after birth.” May be due to oxytocin-dopamine interactions, social/psychosocial factors. Major Depression: 10%. Postpartum psychosis: 0.1%.
Give a one-phrase description of the theories of: Chess & Thomas, Erikson, Piaget, Mahler, Freud.
C & T: “endogenous/inborn temperament.” Erikson: “critical periods of social goals.” Piaget: “cognitive/learning capabilities.” Mahler: “separation-individuation.” Freud: “body parts & pleasure”
Important social developments 0-18 months?
Social smile (12 weeks), Stranger anxiety (9 months), Object permanence (12 months) –> Separation anxiety (12-15 months)
When should an infant be able to “lift head when lying prone,” “lift shoulders when lying prone,” “hold sitting position unassisted), “crawl on hands and knees,” “pull self up to stand,” “walk unassisted.”
0-2 m. 2-3 m. 6-8 m. 7-11 m. 7-11 m. 12-15 m.
What is the rooting reflex? Sucking reflex? Palmar grasp reflex? Moro reflex? Babinski reflex? When do these reflexes disappear?
Rooting + Sucking: “touch cheek, turn toward (nipple to suck)” Palmar grasp: “grip any object put into palm” Moro: “limbs extend when child is startled” Babinski: “dorsiflexion of toes when foot is stroked” All disappear within first few postnatal months. Babinski’s disappears at 1 year.
Important social developments at 18 months-3 years?
Rapprochement (move away but then quickly return for comfort) (18 months), Parallel play + “No!” (2 years), Autonomy: spend part of the day away from mother (3 years), Gender identity (3 years)
When should bowel and bladder function be achieved? What important social developments occur 3-6 years?
Bowel (4 years) + Bladder (5 years). Increasing vocabulary (2-5 years…at 1 year, about 25% of speech should be understood by a stranger, increasing 25% each year to 4-5) + Read (6 years), Active fantasy life/imaginary friends (although knows fantasy from reality), Cooperative play (4 years), Strong fear o bodily injury (…thus not a good time for elective procedures), Curiosity about bodies/sex/”where babies come from” & playing doctor. @ 6 years: Conscience (superego), Empathy, Learn lying is wrong, Understand finality (but not universality) of death & may fear losing loved ones.
What issues become dormant when 7-11 years? What is the Erickson stage? What does this really relate to? Why does formal schooling start at this age? What type of problems may be identified
Psychosexual issues are dormant. Industry vs. Inferiority – Lifelong sense of Competence. Formal schooling starts because the capacity for logical thought develops, allowing for concrete operations. Learning problems may be identified at this stage.
At age 7-11, what relationships become more important? What new relationships can children develop? What becomes critical in play? What do children realize about death around age 9? Why would elective surgery be better pursued at this age?
Same-sex peer relationships become more important. Relationship may develop with adults who are not primary caregivers. Rules are critical in play! Children realize the universality of death (“i can die too”). Still these children deal better with illness & hospitalization.
What happens in the brain during adolescence?
Myelination, especially in the frontal and parietal lobes. Pruning of up to 50% synaptic connections.
What is the physical indicator of adolescence? When does this usually start and end for girls versus boys? When is the average first menstruation? Ejaculation? What are Tanner stages 1-5 in a few words or phrases?
Puberty. 10.5 g v. 11.5 b…complete by 13.5 g v. 15 b. Menstruation: 11-14 yrs. First ejaculation 12-15 yrs. Tanner 1: Preadolescent. Tanner 2: “enlarging, scant & straight pubic hair” Tanner 3: “further enlargement, increasing & curly pubic hair” Tanner 4: “areola above breast, penile glans develops, pubic hair resembles adult type but is less” Tanner 5: “like adult”
What becomes critical during middle adolescence (15-17)? What is likely during this period? How can this be discouraged?
Body image and popularity with same- and opposite-sex peers. Risk-taking behavior (to discourage, talk about short-term benefits versus long-term!)
What social conflict might occur during late adolescence? What learning ability may develop?
Role confusion & Identity crisis. Some may develop formal operations (abstraction, hypothetical, formal reasoning).
What emotional/social factors predispose to teen pregnancy?
Depression, poor school achievement, divorced parents.
