The Learning Process Part 2 - ATP Flight School Flashcards
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What is skill knowledge?
Knowledge reflected in motor or manual skills. The ability to do something physically, e.g., ride a bike.
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How is skill knowledge developed?
Through observation and practice.
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List the stages of skill acquisition.
Cognitive, associative, and automatic response.
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Describe the cognitive stage.
The student memorizes the steps required to perform a skill, and has to think about each step as they perform it.
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Describe the associative stage.
Through practice, the student developes muscle memory and hand-eye coordination that allows them to accomplish a task without thinking about the memorized steps.
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Describe the automatic response stage.
After much practice, the student can perform a task without much mental effort using primarily muscle memory.
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List the different types of practice used to develop skill knowledge.
Deliberate, blocked, and random.
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What is deliberate practice?
The student practices specific areas for improvement and receives specific feedback on their performance. Used to help students master the steps of a skill.
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What is blocked practice?
The student executes the same drill over and over. Used to help students develop the automatic muscle movements used in a skill.
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What is random practice?
The student performs skills in different orders or sequences. Promotes better retention because student practices retrieving skill from long-term memory and sees similarities between skills.
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What is scenario-based training?
Allowing students to practice applying the skills they have learned in environments that accurately resemble the real world.
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What are three qualities of a good scenario?
Has a clear objective, is tailored to the student, is based on the local environment
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What are the two kinds of error?
Slips and mistakes.
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What is a slip?
A slip is when a person plans to do one thing but then inadvertently does something else. Slips are errors of action.
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What is a mistake?
A mistake occurs when a person plans to do the wrong thing and is successful. Mistakes are errors of thought.
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What are six ways errors can be reduced?
Learning and practicing, taking time, checking for errors, using reminders, developing routines, and raising awareness.
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What is memory?
The ability of people to encode, store, and retrieve information.
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What are the three components of memory?
Sensory, short-term, and long-term.
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Describe sensory memory.
Sensory memory receives stimuli from the environment and processes that information based on importance.
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Describe short-term memory.
Short-term memory stores and sorts information based on a person’s priorities. The information is either saved or discarded.
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Describe long-term memory.
Long-term memory is where meaningful or significant information is permanently stored.
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Describe forgetting.
Forgetting is a loss of memory or the inability to recall the information from memory.
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What are four types of forgetting?
Retrieval failure, fading, interference, and repression/suppression.
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Describe retrieval failure.
The inability to retrieve information from long-term memory. This is the “tip of the tongue” experience.
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Describe fading.
When information decays from disuse and eventually fades away.
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Describe Interference.
When an old memory is replaced or overshadowed by a new memory.
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Describe repression/suppression.
When an uncomfortable memory is pushed out of reach. Repression is conscious and suppression is subconscious.
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What are six things that can help with retention of learning?
Praise, association, favorable attitudes, learning with all senses, meaningful repetition, and mnemonics.
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What is transfer of learning?
The ability to apply knowledge learned in one context to new contexts.
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Describe positive transfer of learning.
When a skill that a student already possesses helps them learn a new skill.
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Describe negative transfer of learning.
When a skill that a student already possesses hinders them learning a new skill.
