The Learning Process

Question 1

Define learning

Answer 1

The change in behavior due to experience

Question 2

What are the basic characteristics of learning?

Answer 2

PRAM

1. Learning is Purposeful.
2. Learning is a Result of experience.
3. Learning is an Active process; stdnt needs to react and respond inwardly, outwardly, emotionally, or intellectually
4. Learning is Multifaceted; not just memory and muscle, exercise mind and feelings

Question 3

What are the principles (laws) of learning?

Answer 3

REEPIR - these apply generally to the learning process; first 3 are basic laws and last 3 are the result of experimental studies

Readiness - strong purpose, clear objectives, well fixed reason for learning…make more progress
Effect – learning is best when accompanied by pleasant or satisfying feeling
Exercise - practice to remember the learning

Primacy - what is taught must be right the first time
Intensity – real world applications; vivid, dramatic, exciting learning teaches more than routine or boring experience
Recency - things most recently learned are best remembered

Question 4

All learning involves

Answer 4

PIM

Perception - 5 senses
Insight - grouping of perceptions
Motivation - dominant force governing the student’s progress and ability to learn

Question 5

What are the levels of learning?

Answer 5

RUAC

Rote - ability to repeat
Understanding - perceiving and learning
Application - achieving the skill to apply
Correlation - associating with other things learned

Question 6

What are the principles utilized in learning a skill?

Answer 6

Desire to learn - help instill desire to learn

Patterns to follow - clear step by step example

Perform the skill - coordination of muscle, visual and tactile; practice
Physical skills involve more than muscle; perceptions change as skill develops; deal w/ distractions

Knowledge of results
Evaluation vs. critique - critiques better in the beginning

Progress follows a pattern - “learning plateau”
Duration and organization of lesson

Application of skill - 1) learn skill so well it is easy 2) recognize when to use the skill

Question 7

What are the theories of forgetting?

Answer 7

DIR

Disuse
Interference - similar learning intervened; new events displace
Repression

Question 8

How can learning be retained?

Ways to help a student remember

Answer 8

ASPAR

Attitude - remember what they wish to know
Senses - best perception with all senses
Praise
Association - mnemonics
Repetition

Question 9

What is transfer learning and how does it affect the learning process?

Answer 9

Ability to apply knowledge learned in one context to a new context.

Positive & negative transfer

Question 10

How does the formation of habits affect the learning process?

Answer 10

Creating habits from the start is essential for progress and for correct performance after completing training. Developing good habits frees the mind later and won’t have to correct bad habits later in training.

Question 11

What is motivation?

… positive and negative motivation?

Answer 11

Motivation = the reason one acts or behaves in a certain way and lies at the heart of goals; the dominant force that governs student’s progress and ability to learn.

Positive motivation = promise or achievement of rewards

Negative motivation = may engender fear; should be avoided except with overconfident and impulsive students

Question 12

6 Perceptions - the basis of learning

Answer 12

GET PBS

Physical organism - provides perceptual apparatus for sensing
Goals and values - perceptions depend on one’s goals and values; other team’s fans see game fouls
Self-concept - influence of confidence and insecurity
Time and opportunity - proper sequence and time; learning some things depends on previous learning
Element of threat narrows perceptual field

Basic need is to maintain and enhance the organized self (readiness)