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AQA Psychology - Approaches > The Learning Approach: Behaviourism > Flashcards

The Learning Approach: Behaviourism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key assumptions of the behavioural approach?

A
  • Behaviour is concerned with observable behaviours (objectively and scientifically measured)
  • When born our mind is a blank state
  • Little difference between humans and animals
  • Behaviour is the result of a stimulus
  • All behaviour is learnt from the enviroment
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2
Q

When was the behaviourist approach founded?

A

1915

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3
Q

Who found the behaviourist approach?

A

Watson

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4
Q

Why was the behaviourist approach formed?

A

In rejection of introspection

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5
Q

Who supported the behaviourist approach with classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov

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6
Q

Who supported the behaviourist approach with operant conditioning?

A

Skinner

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7
Q

What are behaviourism two main forms of learning?

A
  • Classical conditioning

- Operant conditioning and reinforment

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8
Q

Classical conditioning is learning through…

A

association

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9
Q

Who investigated into classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov

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10
Q

Who was Pavlov’s participants?

A

Dogs

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11
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A
  • Learning by association

- Conditioning reflexes and involves associating new stimulus with innate bodily reflex

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12
Q

What was the neutral stimulus before conditioning in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

The bell

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13
Q

What was the unconditioned stimulus before conditioning in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

Food

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14
Q

What was the unconditioned response before conditioning in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

Salivation

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15
Q

What was paired during conditioning in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

Neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

What was the response during conditioning in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

Unconditioned salivation

17
Q

What occurred after conditioning in Palvov’s experiment?

A
  • Bell became conditioned stimulus

- Salivation became conditioned response

18
Q

What case study provides support of classical conditioning?

A

Case of Little Albert investigated by Watson

19
Q

Who investigated into operant conditioning?

A

Skinner

20
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through consequence

21
Q

What did Skinner claim?

A

All behaviour is learnt as a result of consequences in our environment

22
Q

Can consequences be positive or negative or both?

A

Both

23
Q

Who was Skinner’s participants?

A

Animals (Rats)

24
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Increases the likelihood of a response occurring because it involves a reward for the behaviour

25
Q

What are example of positive reinforcement?

A

-Workers get paid bonus for hard working

26
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Increases the likelihood of a response occurring because it involves the removal of, or escaping from, unpleasant consequence

27
Q

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

A

-The car buzzer turns off when you put on your seatbelt

28
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

The consequence is receiving something unpleasant which decreases the probability of the behaviour being repeated

29
Q

What is an example of positive punishment?

A

-The driver’s speeding results in a ticket and a fine.

30
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

The consequence is removing something desirable and decreases probability of the behaviour being repeated

31
Q

What is an example of negative punishment?

A

-Toys being taken away from a child when they are throwing a tantrum

32
Q

In operant conditioning the association between responses and consequences must be as far or close together for learning to occur?

A

Close

33
Q

What can operant conditioning be applied to?

A
  • Social skills training for offenders

- Token economy systems

34
Q

What did Skinner discover about when is best to apply reinforcements?

A

At an unpredictable time for conditioning behaviours

35
Q

What are the strengths of behaviourism?

A
  • Very scientific = testable and establishs cause and effect
  • Replicable = High control so can be repeated
  • Quantitative data = easy to analyse
  • Real-life application = Phobias
36
Q

What are the limitations of behaviourism?

A

-Can not fully explain different forms of learning e.g insight learning
-Ignores mental processes
Reductionist=only takes into account nurture, rules out any influence of anything else
-Lack of ecological validity = issues with generalisability

AQA Psychology - Approaches (8 decks)

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