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AQA Psychology - Approaches > (A-Level Only) The Psychodyamic Approach > Flashcards

(A-Level Only) The Psychodyamic Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

Which approach was one of the earliest approach in psychology?

A

Psychodynamic Approach

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2
Q

When did the psychodynamic approach originating?

A

19th century

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3
Q

Who is the main figure in the psychodynamic approach?

A

Freud

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4
Q

What was Freud trained as?

A

Neurologist

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5
Q

What are the key assumptions of psychodynamic approach?

A
  • Unconscious processes, of which we are unaware, determine our behaviour
  • Personality has three parts: the id, ego and superego
  • Early childhood experiences determine adult personality – psychosexual stages of development
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6
Q

What does the unconscious mind to to our behaviour?

A

Influences our behaviour

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7
Q

The conscious mind is unaware of what thoughts and emotions occur in…

A

the unconscious

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8
Q

Can the unconscious thoughts and feeling effect out conscious mind?

A

Yes according to the psychodynamic approach

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9
Q

What is psychic determinism?

A

Unconscious forces and drives are inborn and control or determine behaviour

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10
Q

What is the conscious?

A

The small amount of mental activity we

know about. (e.g. thoughts, perceptions)

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11
Q

What is the preconscious?

A

Things we could be aware of if we
wanted or tried. E.g. memories, stored knowledge. These sometimes come out in dreams or ‘slips of the tongue’ (parapraxes).

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12
Q

What is the unconscious?

A

The part of our mind that we are unaware of but which continues to direct much of our behaviour (e.g. instincts, deeply buried memories).

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13
Q

What metaphor did Freud use?

A

Metaphor of the iceberg to describe the mind – the tip of the iceberg is visible (conscious) but the much larger part is hidden under the surface (unconscious)

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14
Q

What did Freud describe the personality

which composed of three parts?

A

Tripartite

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15
Q

Where does the behaviour seen to be the result of a compromise between?

A

The three parts of the psyche

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16
Q

What does the psyche mean?

A

Personality

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17
Q

What is the Id?

A
  • made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification.
  • unconscious part of the mind
  • Operates according to the ‘pleasure principle’
  • Present at birth
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18
Q

What is the superego?

A

-Conscience and ego ideal
-Moral restriction
-Battles against Id impulse
-Identification with same-sex parents
Punishes the ego with guilt when wrongdoing

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19
Q

When does the Id develop?

A

From Birth

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20
Q

When does the super ego develop?

A

Age 5

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21
Q

When does the ego develop?

A

Age 2

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22
Q

What is the ego?

A
  • ‘Reality principle’
  • Mediator of Id and Superego
  • Cognitive abilities to manage and control Id and balance desires against the restrictions of reality and superego
  • Defence mechanism from id-superego
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23
Q

What are the defence mechanisms?

A
  • Repression
  • Denial
  • Displacement
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24
Q

What is repression?

A

Forcing a distressing or threatening memory out of your conscious

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25
Q

An example of repression?

A

Individual forgetting the trauma of their favourite pet dying

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26
Q

What is denial?

A

Failing or refusing to acknowledge some aspects of reality

27
Q

An example of denial?

A

Continuing to turn up to work even though you have been fired

28
Q

What is displacement?

A

Transferring feeling from the true object of anxiety onto a substitute target/object

29
Q

An example of displacement?

A

Slamming the door after a row with your girlfriend

30
Q

Childhood events have a great influence on out…..

A

adult lives

31
Q

Events that occur in childhood remain in our…

A

Unconscience

32
Q

Who proposed that all children go through the same five stages of development?

A

Freud

33
Q

What are the five stages of psychosexual development?

A
  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latent
  • Genital
34
Q

What stage of the psychosexual development occur at 0-1 years of age?

A

Oral

35
Q

What stage of the psychosexual development occur at 1-3 years of age?

A

Anal

36
Q

What stage of the psychosexual development occur at 3-5 years of age?

A

Phallic

37
Q

What stage of the psychosexual development occur at 6-11 years of age?

A

Latent

38
Q

What stage of the psychosexual development occur at 12+ years of age?

A

Genital

39
Q

What occurs at the oral stage of the psychosexual development?

A
  • Mouth = main pleasure

- Child enjoys tasting/sucking

40
Q

What happens if oral stage successfully completed?

A

Weaning - eating independently

41
Q

What happens if oral stage is incomplete?

A

Oral fixation - sarcastic, critical, bite nails

42
Q

What occurs at the anal stage of the psychosexual development?

A
  • Anus = pleasure

- Child gains pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces

43
Q

What happens if anal stage is successfully completed?

A

potty training

44
Q

What causes unresolved conflict during the oral stage?

A

Under or over fed

45
Q

What causes unresolved conflict during the anal stage?

A

Too strict or too lax potty

46
Q

What happens if anal stage is incomplete?

A
  • Anally retentive - very tidy, stubborn, likes orders

- Anally expulsive - Thoughtless, messy

47
Q

What occurs at the phallic stage of the psychosexual development?

A
  • Genitals = pleasure
  • Oedipus complex
  • Electra complex
48
Q

What happens if phallic stage successfully completed?

A
  • Boys identifies with father

- Girl identifies with mother

49
Q

What causes unresolved conflict during the phallic stage?

A

Not identifying with the opposite parent

50
Q

What happens if phallic stage is incomplete?

A

Phallic personality - narcissistic, reckless, possible homosexual

51
Q

What occurs at the latency stage of the psychosexual development?

A
  • earlier conflict are repressed
  • Sexual urges sublimated into sports
  • Developing same-sex friendships
52
Q

What happens if latency stage is incomplete?

A

Nothing

53
Q

What occurs at the gentital stage of the psychosexual development?

A
  • Puberty into adulthood
  • Focus (less than phallic stage) on genitals
  • Sexual desires become conscious
  • Develop healthy adult relationships
54
Q

What must be completed in order for succession of the genital stage to be complete?

A

Earlier stages

55
Q

What happens if unable to complete genital stage?

A

Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

56
Q

How to remember the psychosexual stages of development?

A 
Old = Oral
Age = Anal
Pensioners = Phallic
Love = Latent
Guinness = Genital
57
Q

What was the case study Freud focused on to develop is theory of psychosexual stages of development?

A

Little Hans

58
Q

What was little Hans suffering from?

A

Phobia of horses and range of other symptoms

59
Q

How many times did freud actually have direct contact with little Hans?

A

No more than twice

60
Q

Who gave Freud the information of Little Hans to analyse?

A

Little Hans father

61
Q

Who did the horse in Little Hans phobia represent?

A

His father

62
Q

What are the strengths of psychodynamic approach?

A
  • Practical applications (counselling, psychotherapy, psychiatry)
  • Idea of the motivated unconscious has had a huge impact on Western thought
  • Treats who person
  • Little Hans
63
Q

What are the limitations of psychodynamic approach?

A
  • Non-falsifiable
  • Case study is unrepresentative = lacks generalisability
  • Freud being sexist
  • Psychic deterministic

AQA Psychology - Approaches (8 decks)

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