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Anatomy 3001 > The larynx > Flashcards

The larynx Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

Between the oropharynx and trachea

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2
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the larynx?

A
  • Transport of air
  • Protective sphincter
  • Phonation
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3
Q

Where does the larynx lie (in terms of vertebral bodies)?

A

~ C3 - C6

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4
Q

How is the larynx positioned in newborns and infants?

A

Slightly higher

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5
Q

The epiglottis is higher in infants what does this lead to?

A
  • Advantage: They can feed off their mother and breath at the same time
  • Disadvantage: They cannot breath through their mouths
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6
Q

What is the larynx made out of?

A
  • It is a fibromuscular tube

- Its skeleton is made out of cartilages connected to each other by ligaments and membranes.

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7
Q

What bone are the laryngeal cartilages suspended under?

A

The hyoid bone

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8
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx called?

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid (all single)
  • Arytenoid
  • Coriculate
  • Cuneiform (paired)
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9
Q

What laryngeal cartilage is not hyaline cartilage?

A

Epiglottis (elastic) (cannot be calcified)

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10
Q

Where is the epiglottis located?

A

Projects upwards and backwards into the pharynx, behind the posterior part of the tongue

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11
Q

What is the epiglottis attached to the thyroid cartilage by?

A

The thyroepiglottic ligament

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12
Q

What is the epiglottis attached to the hyoid cartilage by?

A

The hyoepiglottic ligament

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13
Q

What is the difference between the thyroid angle in males and females?

A

More acute angle in males leading to a more prominant laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)

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14
Q

What part of the thyroid cartilage attaches to the hyoid?

A

The superior horns

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15
Q

What do the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage attach to?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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16
Q

What is the oblique line?

A

A site for muscle attachment

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17
Q

How is the cricoid cartlilage shaped?

A

Like a signet ring with the lamina posteriorly

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18
Q

What does the cricoid cartilage articulate with?

A

The arytenoids and the thyroid

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19
Q

What does the arytenoid articulate on the cricoid cartilage?

A

The cricoid cartilage’s ‘slopping shoulder’

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20
Q

What is the ridge on the cricoid cartilage for?

A

Attachement of the oesophagus

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21
Q

What are the depressions on the cricoid cartilage for?

A

Attachement of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

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22
Q

What are the two processes called on the arytenoid cartilage?

A
  • The vocal process (anterior)

- The muscular process (posterior)

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23
Q

What attaches on the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Posterior and lateral crico-arytenoid muscles

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24
Q

Where is the thyro-hyoid membrane found?

A

Extends between the upper edges of the thyroid lamina and the superior horn and the body anf greater horns of the hyoid

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25
Q

Where is the thyro-hyoid membrane thickened?

A

Anteriorly and posteriorly as the median and lateral thyro-hyoid ligaments (not true ligaments, simply extensions of membrane)

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26
Q

What is the thyro-hyoid membrane pierced by?

A

Superior laryngeal vessels and the superior laryngeal nerve (internal branch)

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27
Q

What are the fibro-elastic membranes seperated from each other by?

A

The laryngeal ventricle (cleft)

28
Q

What is the superior part of the fibro-elastic membrane called?

A

The superior quadrangular membrane

29
Q

What is the inferior part of the fibro-elastic membrane called?

A

The conus elasticus

30
Q

How is the fibro-elastic membrane formed?

A

Elastic connective tissue underneath the laryngeal mucous membrane stretches between laryngeal cartilages to form the membrane

31
Q

What is the quadrangular membrane?

A
  • Extends between lateral aspects of the epiglottis, arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
32
Q

What are the edges of the quadrangular membrane?

A

The aryepiglottic fold and the vestibular ligament (fold)

33
Q

What can the conus elasticus also be known as?

A

Cricovocal membrane

34
Q

What ligament is the site of emergancy access to the airway (tracheotomy)?

A

The median cricothyroid ligament

35
Q

What does the conus elasticus blend with anteriorly?

A

The cricothyroid ligament

36
Q

What do the vocal cords control the laryngeal diameter for?

A
  • Speech
  • Coughing/sneezing
  • Raising the intra-abdominal pressure
37
Q

What are the vocal cords epithelium?

A

Stratified squamus (in order to withstand vibrations)

38
Q

What kind of epithelia line the upper respiratory tract?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelia

39
Q

What are the 3 parts of the laryngeal cavity?

A
  • The vestibule
  • The laryngeal ventricle
  • The infraglottic cavity
40
Q

What provides lubricating mucus for the vocal folds?

A

The saccule

41
Q

What is the laryngeal inlet?

A

The opening of the laryngeal vestibule bound by the aryepiglottic folds

42
Q

What is the rima glottis?

A

Opening between the vocal cords and muscular processes of the arytenoid

43
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A
  • Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
  • They arrange the position of the larynx as a whole
  • Fascilitate the closing of the laryngeal inlet
44
Q

What do the intrinsic laryngeal muscles do?

A
  • Extend between laryngeal cartilages
  • Adjust the length or tension of the vocal ligaments
  • Open and close rima glottis
  • control the inner dimensions of the vestibule
  • Fascilitate closing of the laryngeal inlet
  • Lengthen the vocal folds “rocking” at cricothyroid joints
  • Open/close the laryngeal inlet
45
Q

What are the three main groups of intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A
  • Open/close the laryngeal inlet
  • Open and close rima glottis
  • Lengthen the vocal folds “rocking” at cricothyroid joints
46
Q

What laryngeal muscles close the laryngeal inlet?

A
  • Salpingopharyngeus
  • Palatopharyngeus
  • Stylopharyngeus
  • Stylohoid
    The extrinsics elevate the larynx and pharynx
47
Q

What muscles close the laryngeal inlet?

A
  • Ary-epiglottic muscle

- Superior fibres of the thyro-arytenoid muscle (thyro-epiglottic muscle)

48
Q

What opens the laryngeal inlet?

A

_ descent of larynx )and pharynx by elastic recoil)

- Hyoepiglottic ligament

49
Q

What opens the rima glottis?

A

The posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

50
Q

What muscles close the vocal folds or rima glottis?

A
  • Inferior fibres of thyro-arytenoid
  • Lateral crico-arytenoid
  • Transverse arytenoid
51
Q

What do the crico-thyroid muscles do?

A

They lengthen, hence increase the tension of the vocal folds. Pulls anterior part inferiorly cause higher pitch

52
Q

What is the vocalis muscle?

A
  • Part of the thyro-arytenoid muscle

- Changes the tension of the vocal ligaments

53
Q

Where are the vestibular folds in relation to the vocal folds?

A

Lateral

54
Q

During quiet respiration what does the rima look like?

A

Triangular

55
Q

During forced inspiration what is the rima like?

A
  • Rhomboid shaped

- Widely opened by posterior crico-arytenoid, externally rotating the arytenoids

56
Q

During phonation what is the position of the vocal folds?

A
  • Adducted
  • Air forced through vocal folds causes vibration
  • Cord length and tension are altered by cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid and vocalis muscle
57
Q

What does the larynx look like when performing the valsalva maneouver?

A
  • Vocal and vestibular folds are adducted

- The airway is closed by lateral crico-arytenoid and transverse arytenoid

58
Q

What happens to the larynx during swallowing?

A
  • Laryngeal elevation

- Closure of the laryngeal inlet by epiglottis

59
Q

What springs the epiglottis back?

A

The hyoepiglottic ligament

60
Q

What is the blood supply of the larynx?

A
  • Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries which are branches of superior and inferior thyroid
61
Q

What is the venous drainage of the larynx?

A
  • Superior laryngeal v -> superior thyroid v -> jugular internal v
  • Inferior laryngeal v -> inferior thyroid v -> BCV
62
Q

What veins are at risk during tracheostomy?

A

The inferior thyroid veins

63
Q

What is the lymph drainage above the vocal cord?

A

Superior deep cervical lymph nodes

64
Q

What is the lymph drainage below the vocal cord?

A

Prelaryngeal, pretracheal, inferior deep cervical and supraclavicular lymph nodes

65
Q

What is the neural supply of the larynx?

A
  • Superior laryngeal nerve a branch of the vagus
  • Internal branch (internal laryngeal)
    Sensation of the larynx down to just above the vocal folds
    Accompanied by the superior laryngeal artery
  • External branch (external laryngeal nerve)
    Recurrent laryngeal nerve -> inferior laryngeal nerve (accompanied by inferior laryngeal artery)
66
Q

What is the neural supply of cricothyroid muscle?

A

External laryngeal nerve

67
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?

A
  • All the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid - Sensation to the vocal cords and larynx below

Anatomy 3001 (14 decks)

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