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Anatomy 3001 > The larynx > Flashcards

The larynx Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

Between the oropharynx and trachea

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2
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the larynx?

A
  • Transport of air
  • Protective sphincter
  • Phonation
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3
Q

Where does the larynx lie (in terms of vertebral bodies)?

A

~ C3 - C6

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4
Q

How is the larynx positioned in newborns and infants?

A

Slightly higher

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5
Q

The epiglottis is higher in infants what does this lead to?

A
  • Advantage: They can feed off their mother and breath at the same time
  • Disadvantage: They cannot breath through their mouths
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6
Q

What is the larynx made out of?

A
  • It is a fibromuscular tube

- Its skeleton is made out of cartilages connected to each other by ligaments and membranes.

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7
Q

What bone are the laryngeal cartilages suspended under?

A

The hyoid bone

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8
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx called?

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid (all single)
  • Arytenoid
  • Coriculate
  • Cuneiform (paired)
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9
Q

What laryngeal cartilage is not hyaline cartilage?

A

Epiglottis (elastic) (cannot be calcified)

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10
Q

Where is the epiglottis located?

A

Projects upwards and backwards into the pharynx, behind the posterior part of the tongue

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11
Q

What is the epiglottis attached to the thyroid cartilage by?

A

The thyroepiglottic ligament

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12
Q

What is the epiglottis attached to the hyoid cartilage by?

A

The hyoepiglottic ligament

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13
Q

What is the difference between the thyroid angle in males and females?

A

More acute angle in males leading to a more prominant laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)

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14
Q

What part of the thyroid cartilage attaches to the hyoid?

A

The superior horns

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15
Q

What do the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage attach to?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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16
Q

What is the oblique line?

A

A site for muscle attachment

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17
Q

How is the cricoid cartlilage shaped?

A

Like a signet ring with the lamina posteriorly

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18
Q

What does the cricoid cartilage articulate with?

A

The arytenoids and the thyroid

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19
Q

What does the arytenoid articulate on the cricoid cartilage?

A

The cricoid cartilage’s ‘slopping shoulder’

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20
Q

What is the ridge on the cricoid cartilage for?

A

Attachement of the oesophagus

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21
Q

What are the depressions on the cricoid cartilage for?

A

Attachement of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

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22
Q

What are the two processes called on the arytenoid cartilage?

A
  • The vocal process (anterior)

- The muscular process (posterior)

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23
Q

What attaches on the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Posterior and lateral crico-arytenoid muscles

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24
Q

Where is the thyro-hyoid membrane found?

A

Extends between the upper edges of the thyroid lamina and the superior horn and the body anf greater horns of the hyoid

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25
Where is the thyro-hyoid membrane thickened?
Anteriorly and posteriorly as the median and lateral thyro-hyoid ligaments (not true ligaments, simply extensions of membrane)
26
What is the thyro-hyoid membrane pierced by?
Superior laryngeal vessels and the superior laryngeal nerve (internal branch)
27
What are the fibro-elastic membranes seperated from each other by?
The laryngeal ventricle (cleft)
28
What is the superior part of the fibro-elastic membrane called?
The superior quadrangular membrane
29
What is the inferior part of the fibro-elastic membrane called?
The conus elasticus
30
How is the fibro-elastic membrane formed?
Elastic connective tissue underneath the laryngeal mucous membrane stretches between laryngeal cartilages to form the membrane
31
What is the quadrangular membrane?
- Extends between lateral aspects of the epiglottis, arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
32
What are the edges of the quadrangular membrane?
The aryepiglottic fold and the vestibular ligament (fold)
33
What can the conus elasticus also be known as?
Cricovocal membrane
34
What ligament is the site of emergancy access to the airway (tracheotomy)?
The median cricothyroid ligament
35
What does the conus elasticus blend with anteriorly?
The cricothyroid ligament
36
What do the vocal cords control the laryngeal diameter for?
- Speech - Coughing/sneezing - Raising the intra-abdominal pressure
37
What are the vocal cords epithelium?
Stratified squamus (in order to withstand vibrations)
38
What kind of epithelia line the upper respiratory tract?
Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelia
39
What are the 3 parts of the laryngeal cavity?
- The vestibule - The laryngeal ventricle - The infraglottic cavity
40
What provides lubricating mucus for the vocal folds?
The saccule
41
What is the laryngeal inlet?
The opening of the laryngeal vestibule bound by the aryepiglottic folds
42
What is the rima glottis?
Opening between the vocal cords and muscular processes of the arytenoid
43
What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
- Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles - They arrange the position of the larynx as a whole - Fascilitate the closing of the laryngeal inlet
44
What do the intrinsic laryngeal muscles do?
- Extend between laryngeal cartilages - Adjust the length or tension of the vocal ligaments - Open and close rima glottis - control the inner dimensions of the vestibule - Fascilitate closing of the laryngeal inlet - Lengthen the vocal folds "rocking" at cricothyroid joints - Open/close the laryngeal inlet
45
What are the three main groups of intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
- Open/close the laryngeal inlet - Open and close rima glottis - Lengthen the vocal folds "rocking" at cricothyroid joints
46
What laryngeal muscles close the laryngeal inlet?
- Salpingopharyngeus - Palatopharyngeus - Stylopharyngeus - Stylohoid The extrinsics elevate the larynx and pharynx
47
What muscles close the laryngeal inlet?
- Ary-epiglottic muscle | - Superior fibres of the thyro-arytenoid muscle (thyro-epiglottic muscle)
48
What opens the laryngeal inlet?
_ descent of larynx )and pharynx by elastic recoil) | - Hyoepiglottic ligament
49
What opens the rima glottis?
The posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
50
What muscles close the vocal folds or rima glottis?
- Inferior fibres of thyro-arytenoid - Lateral crico-arytenoid - Transverse arytenoid
51
What do the crico-thyroid muscles do?
They lengthen, hence increase the tension of the vocal folds. Pulls anterior part inferiorly cause higher pitch
52
What is the vocalis muscle?
- Part of the thyro-arytenoid muscle | - Changes the tension of the vocal ligaments
53
Where are the vestibular folds in relation to the vocal folds?
Lateral
54
During quiet respiration what does the rima look like?
Triangular
55
During forced inspiration what is the rima like?
- Rhomboid shaped | - Widely opened by posterior crico-arytenoid, externally rotating the arytenoids
56
During phonation what is the position of the vocal folds?
- Adducted - Air forced through vocal folds causes vibration - Cord length and tension are altered by cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid and vocalis muscle
57
What does the larynx look like when performing the valsalva maneouver?
- Vocal and vestibular folds are adducted | - The airway is closed by lateral crico-arytenoid and transverse arytenoid
58
What happens to the larynx during swallowing?
- Laryngeal elevation | - Closure of the laryngeal inlet by epiglottis
59
What springs the epiglottis back?
The hyoepiglottic ligament
60
What is the blood supply of the larynx?
- Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries which are branches of superior and inferior thyroid
61
What is the venous drainage of the larynx?
- Superior laryngeal v -> superior thyroid v -> jugular internal v - Inferior laryngeal v -> inferior thyroid v -> BCV
62
What veins are at risk during tracheostomy?
The inferior thyroid veins
63
What is the lymph drainage above the vocal cord?
Superior deep cervical lymph nodes
64
What is the lymph drainage below the vocal cord?
Prelaryngeal, pretracheal, inferior deep cervical and supraclavicular lymph nodes
65
What is the neural supply of the larynx?
- Superior laryngeal nerve a branch of the vagus - Internal branch (internal laryngeal) Sensation of the larynx down to just above the vocal folds Accompanied by the superior laryngeal artery - External branch (external laryngeal nerve) Recurrent laryngeal nerve -> inferior laryngeal nerve (accompanied by inferior laryngeal artery)
66
What is the neural supply of cricothyroid muscle?
External laryngeal nerve
67
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?
- All the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid - Sensation to the vocal cords and larynx below

Anatomy 3001 (14 decks)

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