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Anatomy 3001 > Nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses and nasopharynx > Flashcards

Nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses and nasopharynx Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Warm, humidify and filter air
  • Olfaction (smell)
  • Help produce sound
  • Provide 02 and remove CO2
  • Acid-base balance
  • Protective and reflexive non-breathing air movements (coughing and sneezing)
  • Assist circulation of blood and lymph towards the heart
  • Help the abdominal muscles during defecation, parturition, lifting a heavy object to function effectively
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2
Q

How is the respiratory system divided anatomically?

A 
- Upper respiratory tract
Nose (nasal cavity)
Nasopharynx 
- Lower respiratory tract
Larynx (can be included in upper)
Trachea 
Bronchial tree (-> terminal bronchioles)
Alveolar ducts 
Pulmobary alveoli 
Alveolar sac
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3
Q

How is the respiratory system divided functionally/histologically?

A 
- Conducting division  
Nose (nasal cavity)
Nasopharynx 
Larynx
Trachea 
Bronchial tree (-> terminal bronchioles)
- Respiratory division 
Alveolar ducts 
Pulmonary alveoli 
Alveolar sac
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4
Q

What are the muscles around the nostrils called?

A
  • Procerus
  • Nasalis
  • Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
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5
Q

How do the muscles around the nostrils work?

A
  • Act as sphincters or dilators (more useful dilating)

- Control the diameter of the nares and adjust air flow

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6
Q

What do the nostrils lead immediately to?

A

The nasal vestibule

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7
Q

What are the first air filters called?

A

The nostril hairs (vissibrae)

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8
Q

What are the bones of the nose called which lie posterior to the cartilage?

A
  • Ethmoid (superior)

- Vomer (inferior)

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9
Q

What bones form the roof of the nose?

A
  • Nasal
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
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10
Q

What bones form the floor of the nose?

A

Palatine bones and maxilla

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11
Q

Where is the nasogastric tube placed?

A

It is inserted against the horizontal hard palate and does not move superiorly. Gag reflexes allow the tube to move inferiorly behind the soft palate and into the stomach.

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12
Q

What are shelves (conchae)?

A

Boney prominances which curve towards the midline and create turbulent flow.

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13
Q

What bone makes up the middle and superior shelves?

A

The ethmoid bone

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14
Q

What is turbinate?

A

It is the bone (concha) plus the muccus membrane in the nasal cavity

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15
Q

What are the meatuses?

A

The space between the conchae (air channels)

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16
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct open?

A

They open into the meatuses

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17
Q

When do we require turbulent air?

A

During sniffing

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18
Q

What is the foramen caecum?

A

Can have a small vein presesnt with connects nasal veins to the superior sagittal sinus.

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19
Q

What is the cribriform plate?

A

Perforated superior surface of the ethmoid bone and contains olfactory nerves.

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20
Q

What is the sphenopalatine foramen?

A

Transmits sphenopalatine artery (of the maxillary artery) and the nasopalatine nerve (of the maxillary nerve)
Superior nasal branches of the maxillary nerve

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21
Q

What is the incisive canal?

A

Just posterior to teeth in the midline

  • Carries nasopalatine nerve (nasal to oral)
  • AND Terminal end of the greater palatine artery (oral to nasal)
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22
Q

What bones are excavated by air sinuses?

A
  • Maxilla
  • Ethmoid
  • Frontal
  • Sphenoid
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23
Q

What nerve innervates the paranasal sinuses?

A

Branches of the trigeminal nerve

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24
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses

A
  • Frontal sinus
  • Sphenoid sinus
  • Ethmoid air cells/ sinus
  • Maxillary sinus
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25
Q

What part of the sinuses are not present at birth?

A

The Frontal and a large part of the maxillary

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26
Q

What does the frontal sinus drain into?

A

The frontonasal duct and then the ethmoidal infundibulum (middle meatus)

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27
Q

What does the maxillary sinus drain into?

A

The middle meatus

28
Q

What does the middle and anterior ethmoid sinuses drain into?

A

Middle meatus via on bulla ethmoidalis and ethmoidal infundibulum

29
Q

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Connects lacrimal sac (for tears) to nasal cavity. Drains into inferior meatus

30
Q

How are the ethmoid sinuses divided?

A

Into 3:

Posterior anterior and middle

31
Q

What does the posterior ethmoid sinus drain into?

A

The superior meatus

32
Q

What does the sphenoid sinus drain into?

A

The superior meatus via the spheno-ethmoidal recess

33
Q

Why are maxillary sinuses hard to treat with antibiotics?

A
  • There is always residual fluid
  • Bacteria grow easily
  • Fluid drainage is dependant on cilia function
  • Hard to access
    Sinusitis
34
Q

What sinus is the biggest

A

The maxillary

35
Q

What sinus is closely related to the roots of the teeth?

A

The maxillary sinus

36
Q

What sinus is closely related to the orbit?

A

The ethmoid sinuses

37
Q

Where is the sphenoid sinus located?

A

Posterior superior wall of the nasal cavity, near pituitary gland

38
Q

What is transsphenoidal surgery

A

Surgery where the brain is accessed via the nose and sphenoid bone into the sphenoidal sinus cavity

39
Q

What is the arterial supply of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Terminal branches of the maxillary and facial arteries (branches of external carotid)
  • Ethmoidal branches of the opthalmic artery (branches of the internal carotid artery)
40
Q

What arteries supply the septum?

A
  • Sphenopalatine artery (of the maxillary)
  • Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries (of the opthalmic)
  • Branches from the greater palatine artery
  • Superior labial artery
41
Q

What is ‘little’s’ or ‘Kisselbach’s area’?

A
  • An area on the septum where arteries anastamose

- Site for epistaxis

42
Q

What is epistaxis?

A
  • Nosebleed

- Dry air can cause muccous membranes to rupture

43
Q

What veins may allow spread of infection into the cranial cavity?

A

Emissary veins

44
Q

What veins drain the nose?

A
  • Pterygoid plexus of veins in the infratemporal fossa
  • Fascial vein
  • Superior opthalmic vein -> cavernous sinus
  • Emissary vein in the foramen caecum
45
Q

What nodes drain the nasal cavity?

A

Anteriorly - submandibular

Poseteriorly - Darins via retropharyngeal nodes to the upper deep cervical nodes

46
Q

What deep cervical lymph node may be palpable when inflamed?

A

Jugulodigastric node

47
Q

What makes olfactory nerves unique?

A

They can regenerate (every 40-60 days)

48
Q

What is the lateral wall or septum is supplied by?

A
  • 2 divisions of the trigeminal nerve:

Opthalamic (V1) and Maxillary (V2)

49
Q

What is the 5th cranial nerve?

A

The trigeminal nerve

50
Q

What does the V1 (opthalmic) nerve divide into?

A

Nasociliary -> mainly anterior ethmoidal nerve -> nasal branches

51
Q

What does the V2 (maxillary) nerve divide into?

A

Nasal branches, mainly the greater palatine nerve

52
Q

What are the oval shaped connections between nasal cavities and nasopharynx called?

A

The choanae

53
Q

What does the nasopharynx do?

A
  • Extends from the choanae to the level of the soft palate.

- Serves only as an air passageway between nasal cavity and oropharynx

54
Q

How is the choanae held up?

A

Through

  • The horizontal plate of the palatine bone
  • The medial plate of the pterygoid process
55
Q

What structure divides the choanae?

A

The vomer

56
Q

What connects the nasopharynx into the middle ear cavity?

A

The pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube

57
Q

Where are turbal tonsils located?

A

Around the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube

58
Q

What is pharyngeal tonsils? (adenoid)?

A

Lympoid (tonsillar) tissue

59
Q

What do the Salpingopharyngeus and salpingopalatine muscles run between?

A

The torus tubarius and pharynx and palate. They become Salpingopharyngeus and salpingopalatine folds.

60
Q

What is the recess behind the auditory tube called?

A

pharyngeal recess

61
Q

What aretery can be damged if an auditory tube enters accidentally into the pharyngeal recess?

A

Internal carotid artery

62
Q

What lies in what cavity of the lymphatic ring?

A 
- Nasal cavity 
Tubal 
Pharyngeal 
Tubal 
- Oral Cavity 
Palatine
Lingual 
Palatine
63
Q

What can enlargement of the tubal tonsils cause?

A

Middle ear infections

64
Q

What can inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsils cause?

A

Can obstruct the airway and can cause adenoid face

65
Q

What can septum deviation cause?

A
  • Difficulty breathing through nose
  • Nasal congestion
  • Frequent sinus infections
  • Frequent nosebleeds
    Often a result of trauma
66
Q

What is waters view?

A

PA radiograph of the skull, with the patient gazing slightly upwards

Anatomy 3001 (14 decks)

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