The Knee Flashcards
What are the 3 compartments of the thigh?
anterior medial posterior
anterior compartment movement, nerve, muscles
knee extensors
femoral nerve
quadriceps
roots of femoral nerve
L2,3,4
medial compartment movement muscle nerve
hip addiction
adductors
obturator nerve
roots of obturator nerve
l2.3.4
posterior compartment movement nerve muscles
sciatic nerve
hamstrings
know flexion
roots of sciatic nerve
l5, s1, s2
What passes through the adductor canal
femoral artery and vein
What are the major muscles in the anterior compartment
what do they do
iliopsoas (hip flexor)
sartorius (hip flexor and knee extensor)
quadriceps
What are the main adductors
adductor Magnus, longus, brevis
gracilis
where do the hamstrings originate and attach to
originate at ischial tuberosity, distal attachment to tibia, flex knee joint
What are the hamstrings
semitendinosus
semi membranous
biceps femoris
what is the pes anserinus
goose ‘s foot
insertion of sartorius, semitendinosus and gracilis
what articulates at the knee joint
lateral femoral and tibial condyles with their meniscus
medial condyles
patella and femur
what are the shapes of the condyles?
femur are curbed
tibial flat
so don’t articulate well
what does stability of the knee depend on
strength and actions of surrounding muscles and tendons
ligaments that connect femur and tibia
what is the mechanical axis
formed by diagonal position within thigh, tibia almost vertical, knee joint under hip joint so using both condyles equally
what is the Q line
from Asis to patella measuring length of femur forming q angle
what is the q angle in men and women
14 degrees men
17 women as hips
what is genu varum and genu valgum
varum is small q angle overloads medial condyle
valgum is large q angle, knocked knees, overloads lateral condyle
what ligaments reinforce the knee
iliotibial tract collateral patella ligament pes anserinus semimembranosus tendon
what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body
what does sesamoid mean
patella
develop in high regions of bone friction
What happens to the patella if there is damage to the quadriceps and patella tendon
quadriceps - patella moves down as gravity
patella - moves up
what does the patella reflex test
integrity of the femoral nerve and spinal segments l2-l4
what is the role of the collateral ligaments
stabilise hinge like movement of the knee joint, prevents addiction and abduction
what are the 2 collaterals
fibular collateral
tibial
shape of fibular collateral, what its attached to, when taut, what it does
strong fibrous, not attached to lateral meniscus or joint capsule, taut in knee extension, prevents addiction of knee
shape of tibial collateral, attachments, when taut, what it does
broad flat, attaches to medial meniscus, taut in knee extension, prevents knee abduction
where are the crucial ligaments? shape what do they do
cross shaped within inter condylar region of tibia connecting tibia and finia, prevents displacement of tibia in respect to femur
what are the two cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament and anterior cruciate ligament
location of posterior cruciate ligament and function
from posterior intercondylar area of tibia and sons anteriorly attaching to medial wall of femoral intercondylar fossa
stops tibia moving backward on femur
helps stabilise knee in flexion
prevents external rotation
which cruciate ligament is stronger
posterior cruciate ligament
location of anterior cruciate ligament and function
from anterior intercondylar area of tibia and ascends posteriorly attaching to lack of lateral intercondylar fossa of femur
stops fibia moving forward on femur
stabilises knee in extension preventing hyper extension and excessive internal rotation
what does and anterior cruciate ligament rupture result in
anterior drawer sign
what does posterior cruciate ligament rupture result in
posterior drawer sign
where can you take a anterior cruciate ligament graft from
bone tendon bone from patella ligament or from hamstring tendons (semi tenderness and gracilis tendons)
what are the mensici?
fibrocartilage plates which deepen knee joint and help with shock absorption
shape attachment of medial mensicus
c shaped
broader posteriorly
anteriorly attached to ACL
firmly adhered to tibial collateral ligament
shape and attachment of lateral meniscus
nearly circular
smaller and more freely moveable than medial meniscus
attached to PCL
what does a tear in the medial mensicus commonly result in and why
tear to tibial collateral as very close and tear of ACL (unhappy triad)
what bursa do you have in the knee
suprapatella
prepatella
deep infrapatella
superficial infrapatella
propose of bursae
act as cushions against friction and rubbing off tendons ligaments and bones around the knee joint
what is housemaids knee
prepatella bursitis
what is bakers cyst
normal bursa or heniation of joint capsule
associated with meniscal tears
degenerative arthiritis of the knee
what do the hamstring and patellar tendons do
prevents forwards movement of tibia on femur
what are the extra capsular structures
hamstring tendon
patella tendon
collaterals
what are the intracapsular structures
cruciates
mensici
superior and inferior border of popliteal fossa
s - hamstrings
I - gastrocnemius
what does the sural nerve innervated, where does it stem from
sensory to lateral leg, branch from tibial and common perineal
