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Locomotor > Joint Structure & Function > Flashcards

Joint Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint?

A

point of contact between two or more bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bones.

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2
Q

What is the study of joints

A

Arthrology

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3
Q

What are the 3 main types of joint?

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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4
Q

What joints are solid and which are cavitated? (have a cavity)

A

Solid is fibrous and cartilaginous

Cavitated is synovial

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5
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

Sutures of the skull

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6
Q

What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

A

Pubic symphysis
Epiphyseal growth plate
Intervertebral disc

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7
Q

What are the bones held together by in a fibrous joint?

A

Articulating bones held together by fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

How much movement occurs at a fibrous joint?

A

Little or no movement

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9
Q

What happens if the fibrous joint suture ossifies?

A

Synostosis - an ossified suture, immovable

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10
Q

What is a syndesmosis?

A

Syndesmosis - sheet of fibrous tissue (interosseous membrane) between bones

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11
Q

Where is a syndesmosis found?

A

Between radius and ulna or between tibia and fibula

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12
Q

What movement does the syndesmosis allow?

A

radius and ulna - allows pronation and supination

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13
Q

What holds your teeth in the mandible/maxilla socket?

A

Gomphosis - cone-shaped peg fits into a socket. e.g. teeth

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14
Q

How much do the cartilaginous joints move?

A

Little or no movement

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15
Q

What makes up a cartilaginous joint/how are bones attached?

A

Fibrocartilage (tough) or hyaline cartilage (smooth)

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16
Q

What is symphysis?

A

Cartilage joint in fibrous cartilage fibrocartilage

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17
Q

Where is symphysis found? and why?

A

Where we need more movement - pubic symphysis, IV discs

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18
Q

What is the syndchrondosis? Examples

A

Cartilage joint - hyaline cartilage, only present in childhood, at epiphyseal growth plate and costochondral joints

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19
Q

What are the costochondral joints?

A

Between ribs and sternum, syndchrondosis, hyaline cartilage, become more brittle with age

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20
Q

What are the majority of the joints in the body?

A

Synovial

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21
Q

How much can the synovial joints move?

A

Freely moveable but ranges between different joints

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22
Q

What is the fibrous capsule?

A

Holds synovial fluid in place, goes around the bone and joint

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23
Q

What lines the fibrous capsule?

A

Synovial membrane which makes the synovial fluid, made up of endothelial cells made up of GAG making fluid gloopy

24
Q

Where is there loose connective tissue in a synovial joint?

A

Between the fibrous capsule and the synovial membrane, filled with blood vessels

25
Q

What is the role of the articular cartilage?

A

Caps the ends of the bones forming the joint and gives smooth slippery surface to work with synovial fluid giving friction-less free movement

26
Q

What is the articulating cartilage made up of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

27
Q

What is an arthogram?

A

Iodine /contrast dye injected to see joint space and bursae

28
Q

What is the ECM of hyaline cartilage made up of?

A

Deeper layer merges via a calcified layer with the subchondral bone.

80% water
Collagen type II
Proteoglycans

29
Q

What do the properties of hyaline cartilage depend upon?

A

ECM composition

30
Q

What is the function/properties of articulating cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage:
Smooth, slippery and very low coefficient of friction
Elastic, resilient structure that acts as a shock absorber to protect underlying bone

31
Q

Is the hyaline cartilage calcified?

A

No apart from very deep layer which merges with the subchondral bone?

32
Q

Why do joints appear as a gap on x-rays?

A

Black space is articular cartilage which is not seen on an x-ray

33
Q

What else do some most synovial joints contain?

A

accessory ligaments and articular discs (menisci).

34
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Ligaments connect bone to bone
Help to stabilise and hold joint together
Joined to outer fibrous capsule

35
Q

What do articular discs do?

A

Articular discs modify shape of joint surfaces

Help maintain stability of joint, and direct flow of synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction.

36
Q

Where is the articular capsule?

A

surrounds joint. Encloses synovial cavity, uniting articulating bones.

37
Q

What are the two layers of the articular capsule? What do they do?

A

Outer fibrous capsule (may contain ligaments).

Inner synovial membrane (secretes lubricating and joint nourishing synovial fluid).

38
Q

What is the cause of osteoarthirits?

A

Loss of articulating cartilage

39
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A

Planar, Hinge, Pivot, Ellipsoidal, Saddle, Ball & Socket

40
Q

What movements can planar joints do?

A

Gliding movements (side to side and back and forth)

41
Q

Examples of planar joints

A

Intercarpals and intertarsals

42
Q

How does a hinge joint form?

A

Convex surface of one bone fitting into concave surface of another bone

43
Q

What movements are in a hinge joint?

A

Flexion and extension, single plane

44
Q

Examples of a hinge joint?

A

elbow, knee, Interpharyngeal

45
Q

Examples of a pivot joint

A

Proximal radio-ulnar joint (annular ligament)

Atlas rotating around the axis

46
Q

How does a pivot joint form

A

Round/pointed surface of one bone fitting into a ring formed by another bone or ligament

47
Q

What movement occurs at pivot joints?

A

Rotational, pronation and supination in proximal radio-ulnar

48
Q

What is another name for the ellipsoidal joint?

A

Condyloid joint

49
Q

How does a condyloid form?

A

condyle of one bone fits into cavity of another bone

50
Q

What are the movements of the condyloid joint?

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction

51
Q

What is an example of a condyloid joint?

A

Carpals and radius

52
Q

Which joints are saddle joint?

A

Carpal-metacarpal of the thumb

carpal is trapezium

53
Q

How does a saddle joint form?

A

Saddle shaped bone and other is rider

54
Q

What movements can a saddle joint do?

A

Flexion-extension
Abduction-adduction
Circumduction

55
Q

How does a ball and socket joint form?

A

Ball shaped surface of one bone fits into cup like depression of the other

56
Q

What movements are in the ball and socket joint?

A

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction

57
Q

What are some examples of a ball and socket joint?

A

Shoulder and hip

Locomotor (12 decks)

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