The Kidneys Flashcards
1
Q
Are the kidneys retroperitoneal or peritoneal organs?
A
Retroperitoneal
2
Q
What is the average kidney length?
A
10-12cm long
3
Q
What should the size difference between the two kidneys be?
A
Within 2cm of each other
4
Q
What are the 3 supportive tissues of the kidney?
A
Fibrous Renal Capsule, Perirenal Fat Layer, and the Renal (Gerota) Fascia
5
Q
‘Innermost layer covering the surface of the kidney, continuous with the outer layer of the ureter at the renal hilum and barrier against trauma and infection’ is which layer?
A
Fibrous Renal Capsule
6
Q
What is the perirenal fat layer?
A
The middle layer composed of fat tissue
7
Q
What is the outer layer that has fibrous connective tissue surrounding the kidneys and adrenal glands called?
A
Renal Gerota Fascia
8
Q
How much lower down does the right kidney sit?
A
2-8cm lower
9
Q
Where do the RENAL ARTERIES begin?
A
Arise from lateral aspects of the Aorta, just inferior to the SMA.
10
Q
Which renal artery is longer - right or left? Why?
A
Right. It courses behind the IVC, RRV, pancreatic head and inferior portion of the duodenum
11
Q
Describe the course of the left renal artery.
A
Courses posterior to the LRV, SV, and pancreatic body
12
Q
What renal vessel drains into the IVC?
A
The main renal vein
13
Q
Which renal vein is longer - right or left? Why?
A
The left renal vein - it courses anteriorly to the left renal artery, crosses over the AO anteriorly, the SMA posteriorly, before entering the medial aspect of the IVC
14
Q
Describe the course of the right renal vein
A
It is the shorter vein. It courses anterior to the right renal artery and enters the right lateral aspect of the IVC slightly lower than the left renal vein
15
Q
Describe the vascular pathway of the kidney (the big long one- 15 steps)
A
Aorta Renal Artery Segmental/Lobar Arteries Interlobar Arteries Arcuate Arteries Interlobular Arteries Afferent arterioles Glomerulus Efferent arterioles Peritubular capillaries Interlobular veins Arcuate Veins Interlobar Veins Unite to form Single Renal Vein IVC
16
Q
What is a kidney nephron?
A
Histologic and functional unit - it filters blood and produces urine
17
Q
What does a nephron consist of?
A
Renal Corpuscle, renal tubule, and a vascular component.
18
Q
Name the functions of the nephron.
A
Controls blood concentration and volume by removing selected amounts of water and solutes, assists in regulating blood pH, removes the gross toxic stuff from the blood
19
Q
What does metabolic waste contain?
A
Water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes
20
Q
Name 3 nitrogenous wastes
A
Urea, uric acid, creatinine
21
Q
What is an antidiuretic hormone?
A
Responsible for maintaining the body’s fluid balance
22
Q
What does ADH increase with?
A
Water loss or reduced blood volume or blood pressure
23
Q
What is Aldosterone?
A
Increases the rate of resorption of sodium and produces a concurrent loss of potassium
24
Q
An excess of potassium promotes _______.
A
secretion
25
Name the 5 most common renal function tests.
```
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Creatinine clearance rate (Cr, CrCl)
Uric acid (UA)
Red Blood Cell (RBC) count
Total white blood cell (WBC) count
```
26
Describe BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test and its variations/clinical indications.
Measures amount of urea nitrogen in blood, measures renal function.
Increased: acute or chronic disease of damaged kidneys
Decreased: over hydration, liver failure, smoking
27
Describe the CrCl (creatinine clearance rate) and its variations/clinical indications.
Creatinine is the end product of breakdown of creatinine phosphate in skeletal muscles. Removed via Glomerular Filtration.
Increased: decrease in renal function
Decreased: muscle weakness or dystrophy
28
Describe Uric Acid (UA) and its variations/clinical indications.
End product of purine metabolism (comes from dietary sources and breakdown of proteins)
Increased: Gout, arthritis, metastatic CA, DM, renal failure, stress, leukemias, liver disease
Decreased: liver atrophy, renal disease
29
What does an increased RBC count mean?
Renal cysts
30
What does an increased and decreased value of Total White Blood Cell Count mean?
Increased: infection or inflammation
Decreased: toxic reactions, chemotherapy, radiation therapy
31
What are the Columns of Bertin?
Cortical extensions between renal pyramids
32
Describe the echo properties of a renal cortex
Contour should be smooth, homogenously echogenic (less echogenic than liver, spleen, renal sinus)
Neonates: isoechoic/hyperechoic compared to liver/spleen
Children: similar to adults
33
Describe the sonographic apperance of the Renal Medulla
Hypoechoic cone shaped tissue deep to the cortex, broader base faces the cortical area with apex towards center. Larger in children than adults.
More hydrated individuals have a more hyperechoic medulla.
34
What is the corticomedullary junction?
Where the cortex/medulla meet in the kidney, comma shaped specular echoes and inward extension of the column of Bertin. Can be difficult to see in large patients
35
Is the medulla larger in children than adults?
Yes
36
What is the renal sinus?
The fat containing area of the kidney
37
What should be suspected if two lobulations of renal sinus fat are idenified?
Bifid renal pelvic or duplex collecting system
38
What does the renal pelvic do?
Collects urine from the papillae
39
How long is the proximal ureter?
25-30cm, 6mm diameter
40
Are the ureters visible sonographically?
No
41
Cortical thickness should be >___cm.
>1cm
42
Renal enlargement following removal of the other kidney is called...
Compensatory renal hypertrophy
43
What is a common variant, usually , affects the left kidney,and shows as a lateral cortical bulge of kidney tissue of the same echogenicity as the rest of the tissue? Often mistaken for a neoplasm.
Dromedary Hump
44
What is a common variant that is a remnant due to incomplete fusion of the upper and lower poles, and commonly affects the right kidney?
Junctional Parenchymal Defect (aka junctional cortical defect, interpenduncular junction defect)
45
What has the SF of: wedge-shaped hyperechoic defect on anterior aspect near function of upper/mid kidney?
Junctional Parenchymal Defect/Junctional Cortical Defect, Interpenduncular Junction Defect
46
What is a common variant, double layer of cortical tissue folded toward the center of the kidney and most commonly affects the left kidney in the middle third?
Hypertrophied Column of Bertin
47
What is the Sonographic Appearance of a Hypertrophied Column of Bertin?
Lateral indent of renal sinus by continuous cortical tissue with the same echogenicity and is less than 3cm
48
What is the other name for Renal Sinus Lipmatosis?
Renal Sinus Fibrolipomatosis
49
What is Renal Sinus Fibrolipmatosis? What is it most common with (age and body state)
Fatty infiltration of therenal pelvic, most common in 6th-7th decade of life. Associated with obesity and diseases that cause parenchymal atrophy/destruction
50
What is a renal pelvic outside of the renal sinus called?
Extrarenal Pelvis
51
What is the SA of an extrarenal pelvic?
Central cystic area partially or entirely outside the kidney. Does not continue like a dilated ureter would, more oval/circular shaped. Fluid does NOT extend into the kidney.
52
Duplicated Collecting System (Most common/what it is/SA)
Most common congenital anomaly of the GU tract. Most common in women.
Complete duplication of the ureter.
SA: Separation in the renal sinus echodensities, may see 2 separate dilated ureters and or 2 ureteric jets in the urinary bladder
53
Where is the most common location for an ectopic kidney?
The pelvis
54
What is Cross Fused Renal Ectopia? Complications?
When the kidneys are on the same side.
Increased risk of obstruction and infection (prone to rotating)
55
Horseshoe Kidney (Definition, SS, SA, complications)
Fusion of the upper or lower poles during fetal development
SS: asymptomatic, often have pulsating abdo mass
SA: Continuous kidney tissue across midline and anterior to the great vessels connecting the two kidneys
Complication: Hydronephrosis, infection, stone formation, obstruction
56
Hydronephrosis (Definition, SS, etiology)
Urine dilation in renal pelvic, calyceal structures, and infundibula
SS: Asymptomatic, abdo/back/flank pain, decreased urine output
Etioloy: Associated with pregnancy (right kidney most commonly affected)
57
Name the two types of Hydronephrosis etiologies.
Intrinsic (inside the kidney) and extrinsic (outside the kidney).
58
What are the four grades of Hydronephrosis?
```
Grade I (mild): 2mm separation of sinus echoes
Grade II (mild): dilation of renal pelvic and some but not all calyces
Grade III (moderate): complete pelvocaliectasis
Grade IV (severe): extreme dilation of renal pelvic and all calyces with loss of borders between, thinning renal parenchyma
```
59
What are the sonographic appearances of Hydronephrosis?
Splaying/spreading/ballooning of central echo complex
| Anechoic filling of renal pelvic (possible extension to calyces depending on severity)
60
What other organs must be evaluated when pt has Hydronephrosis?
Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra and pelvic structures (prostate, uterus, ovaries)
61
What is the most common DD of Hydronephrosis?
Extrarenal pelvic (this is more oval shaped)
62
What is Pyonephrosis?
Pus in the collecting system (ew)
63
What is Pyonephrosis associated with?
Severe urosepsis
64
What are the SS/SA of Pronephrosis?
SS: renal insufficiency, hematuria
SA: Low level echoes with a fluid debris level (may also appear anechoic)
65
Describe Urolithiasis.
Stone formation anywhere in the urinary tract.
66
What are the types of Urolithiasis?
Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or a combo of the both (MOST COMMON)
Struvite or magnesium ammonium
Staghorn calculus (stone filling entire renal pelvic)
Uric acid, caused by a high concentration of uric acid
Cystine formation in acid urine due to inherited defect affecting absorption of urine amino acids
67
What is oxalate, calcium phosphate, or a combo of both most associated with?
Increased blood and urinary concentration of calcium, bone disease, renal tubular acidosis, hyperparathyroidism, medullary sponge kidney
68
What is Struvite or Magnesium Ammonium associated with?
Bacteria
69
What is Staghorn Calculus associated with?
UTIs, persistent alkaline urine (or both)
70
What is Uric Acid (a type of urolithiasis) associated with?
Gout and dehydration
71
What is nephrolithiasis?
Stones within the kidney
72
Who is most commonly affected by nephrolithiasis?
Men in their 20's-50's
73
Nephrolithiasis (SS, SA)
SS: Hematuria, oliguria (low urine output), renal colic
SA: Dense echogenic echo pattern with strong acoustic shadow, twinkle artifact posterior to calcification with CD
74
Nephrocalcinosis (Cortical): (Etiology/SA)
Calcium deposits within the kidney
Etiology: Hypercalcemic states
SA: Hyperechoic foci within renal cortex, loss of definition of the cortical medullary junction, kidney may appear small and more echogenic, typically bilateral and diffuse
75
Nephrocalcinosis (Medullary): (Etiology/SA)
Calcium deposits in the renal medullas
Etiology: Metaboic abnormality identified in hypercalciuria and hypercalcemic states, associated with medullary sponge kidney and papillary necrosis in situ
SA: echogenic renal pyramids with shadowing
76
What are the five stages of the Bosniak classification of cysts?
I - simple, no f/u
II - less than or equal to 3cm, one or two thin (less tham 1mm) septations, wall is still less than 1mm. no f/u
IIF - minimally complicated, weird features that require f/u in 6 mo
III - wall thickening, nodularity. biopsy/surgery for further eval
IV - wall thickening all over, large nodules, vascular components, considered a malignancy, removal of kidney required
77
What is the most common renal lesion?
Simple renal cyst
78
Is a hemorrhagic cyst common? What does the risk increase with?
No, but increases with PKD
79
What has a complex echo pattern with gravity-dependent material floating around within, necrotic exudate can stick to the wall and look like a hyperechoic mass? Often mistaken for hemorrhagic cysts?
Infected cyst
80
What is a clue of malignancy in the kidney?
Thick septa/loculations less than 1cm with vascularity
81
What's the margin of measurement for a benign septated or multilocular cyst?
Septations are less than 1cm
82
Cysts with Calcified Walls are often associated with malignancy. True or false?
True
83
What is a Milk of Calcium cyst? SS/SF/DD
Occurs after a low grade inflammation and partial/complete obstruction to urine flow with stasis, is then deposited in calyceal diverticula
SS: asymptomatic
SF: linear band of hyperechoic echo with reverb artifact and acoustic shadowing (may be mobile)
DD: renal calculi, AML
84
What do parapelvic and peripelvic cysts have in common?
They do not communicate with the collecting system
85
Parapelvic cysts originate from renal _______ and protrude into the ______.
Parenchyma & sinus
86
Peripelvic Cysts are...
True sinus cysts. Typically small and multiple with irregular outlines along the calyceal infundibula or around renal pelvic.
87
ADPKD stands for:
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
88
When does ADPKD typically present and what is the biggest SS?
In the 4th decade, most commonly is kidney failure.
89
ADPKD is more prone to complications. What are a few?
Infection, renal calculi, cyst rupture, hemorrhage, obstruction.
90
What is medullary sponge kidney? Associations, SS, complications, SA
Multiple cystic dilatations of collecting ducts in the medulla.
Associated with: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, ADPKD, Caroli disease, and congenital hepatic fibrosis.
SS: Asymptomatic but can cause pain, hydronephrosis, and infection
Complications: Calcifications in cysts, infection, urinary stones
SA: Echogenic medullary pyramids without shadowing (very echogenic medulla pyramids that don't shadow)
91
Nephronophthisis is also called...
Uremic Medullary Cystic Disease
92
Uremic Medullary Cystic Disease (Definition, SS, complications, SA)
Variable amount of cysts in medulla - rare hereditary disorder
Associated with: cortical tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis
SS: Anemia, salt wasting, increased BUN or creatinine, polyuria
Labs: Elevated alk phos
Complications: Renal insufficiency and renal failure
SF: Multiple small cysts confined in the medulla, loss of corticomedullary differentation, increased parenchymal echogenicity, small kidneys
93
Describe Tuberous Sclerosis.
Associated with renal cyst formation and neoplasms.
Associated with multiple bilateral AML's and renal cysts.
94
What is the most common BENIGN kidney tumour?
Adenoma
95
Adenoma is most common in...
Males, 6th to 7th decade
96
Adenoma (SS/association/SA)
SS: Asymptomatic unless larger, may present with PAINLESS hematuria
Associated with RCC
SA: Usually 1-3cm, echogenic (hyperechoic) hypervascular tumour with sound attenuation
97
Oncocytoma (CP, SS, complications, SA, DD)
More common in men.
SS: Asymptomatic unless large, causes pain/hematuria
Complications: Infarcation, hemorrhage, necrosis
SA: Well defined smooth hypoechoic homogenous tumour, central stellate scar, can be BIG (up to 26cm)
Can be mistaken for RCC
98
Angiomyolipoma (AML) - Most in common in, association, SS, complications
Most common in WOMEN.
Associated with tuberous sclerosis complex
SS: Asymptomatic unless hemorrhage, causes flank pain/hematuria, serious hemorrhage can cause renal failure
Complications: Hemorrhage, necrosis, cystic degeneration, calcification
99
Sonographic Features of AML (Angiomyolipoma)
Homogenous, hyperechoic cortical tumour. Hypervascular. Most commonly affects RIGHT kidney.
100
Lipoma (Most commonly affects, SS, SA)
Fatty tissue tumour.
Most common in females.
SS: Asymptomatic
SF: Well defined hyperechoic mass, typically less than 5mm
101
Leiomyoma (Definition, SA)
Originates from smooth muscle of the kidney, uniquely complex in comparison to other benign neoplasms
SA: Hyperechoic complex mass
102
Reninoma (juxtaglomerular tumour) - Definition, most common in, SS, SA
Rare tumour that secrets renin
Most common in women
SS: hypertension, elevated renin
SA: solid hypovascular encapsulated tumour arising from near corticomedullary junction
103
Fibroma (most common, SA)
Fibrous mass in the medulla.
Most commonly female
SA: Hyperechoic mass in medulla aprox 2-3mm
104
Multilocular Cystic Nephroma (most common in, SA, DD)
YOUNG men and OLDER women.
SA: large anechoic space (up to 10cm)
DD: cystic RCC or cystic Wilms tumour
105
Is a solid mass is present, it is considered malignant, even if fat is present.
False
106
Indicators of malignancy are... (4 items)
Calcification, wall thickness greater than 1mm, irregularity at the base of a cyst, thick and/or vascular septations
107
What else should be evaluated if a mass is seen in the kidney?
Renal vein and IVC for thrombus/tumour extension
| Entire abdo for mets
108
RCC (most common, SS, associations)
Most common MALIGNANT tumour of the kidney. Most common in MALES.
SS: Hematuria
Associated with: von Hippel-Lindau disease, ADPKD, tuberous sclerosis
109
Abnormal cells in RCC frequently produce _______.
hormones
110
What is the most common mets location for RCC?
Lungs
111
What is the sonographic appearance of RCC?
Can be any echogenicity, has mass effect (normal vasculator splays around the mass), hypervascular, calcifications, needto assess entire abdo for possible mets
112
Is RCC complex, simple, or cystic?
Complex
113
Urothelial Carcinoma are commonly _____ ____ _____ (three words).
Transitional cell carcinomas (TCC)
114
Urothelial Carcinoma (SS)
Hematuria, palpable hydronephrosis
115
What is TCC? (Transitional Cell Carcinoma) - most common in, SS, SA, DD
Most common of primary renal pelvis tumours.
Most common in MALES.
SS: painless hematuria, flank pain, weight loss, fatigue
SA: Intraluminal polypouid mass, urothelium thickening, solid mass, splitting or seperation of central echo complex, bulky hypoechoic mass
DD: blood clots, fungus ball
116
Lymphoma (most common, SS, SA)
More commonly secondary form (caused by haematogenous spread)
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is more common than Hodgkin Lymphoma
SS: non specific kidney enlargement
SA: Enlarged kidneys (bigger kidneys) with anechoic or hypoechoic mass(es) with NO acoustic enhancement
117
Met renal tumours commonly come from ____ & _____, or _________.
Lung and breast, RCC of the opposite kidney
118
Met Renal Tumours are ____echoic masses with renal enlargement.
hypo
119
Etiology of Posttraumatic INTRArenal hematomas
Bleeding diathesis (anticoag drugs), renal infarcts
120
Etiology of rare spontaneous hemorrhage
RCC, AML's, segmental renal infarction, AVM (arteriovenous malformation), hemorrhagic cyst, abscess, idiopathic
121
What are the SS of renal hematomas?
Palpable mass, unilateral flank pain, decreased hematocrit
122
What are the SA of renal hematomas?
Always avascular, but varied appearance depending on age.
Acutely will be echogenic. Will appear anechoic after liquefying and becoming a seroma. A chronic hematoma may calcify.
123
Where do subscapular hematomas lie?
Between the kidney cortex and capsule; which can flatten or distort the renal cortex.
124
Renal Infarction (Definition, SS, SA)
Loss of blood supply.
SS: hypertension, loss of lower extremity pulses, elevated LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), hematuria
SA: Starts echogenic/normal appearance, then becomes hypoechoic, and then echogenic again
125
What group does renal infection/inflammatory processes usually happen in?
Women aged 15-24 (child bearing)
126
Why do renal infections/inflammation generally occur in women?
Shorter urethra
127
Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is associated most with...?
Ascending UTI
128
Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is most common in...
Females (age 15-35)
129
Acute Pyelonephritis (SS, SA)
SS: Dysuria, frequency, urgency, pyuria
SA: Varied non-specific findings
130
Is Emphysematous Pyelonephritis life threatening?
Yes. Mortality rate is high.
131
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis is ______ within the parenchyma or sinus.
a) air
b) pus
c) blood
d) gas
D, gas.
132
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis is common in ________. Describe SA.
Diabetic patients, immunosuppressed pts, women with urinary tract obstruction
SA: Hyperechoic foci with sharp flat margins and reverb artifact with dirty shadows/ringdown. Kidneys may be enlarged and hypoechoic.
133
_________ _________ contrubites to the progression of chronic pyelonephritis.
Severe hypertension
134
Chronic Pyelonephritis (CPN) - SS, SA
SS: polyuria, nocturia, mild proteinuria
SA: small kidney with increased echoes in involved area from fibrosis, loss of kidney tissue, one or more calyces retracted and not distended
135
What is Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis?
The replacement of normal renal parenchyma with lipid-laden macrophages, plasma cells, and multinucleated giant cells
136
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis (Most common,SS, complications, SA)
Most commonly women (correlation with diabetes)
SS: malaise,flankpain, mass, weight loss
Complications: Papillary necrosis
SA: Anechoic/hypoechoic masses (debris filled)
137
What is the classic SA triad for Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis?
Renal Calculi, renal enlargement, and decreased renal function
138
How do renal and perinephric abscesses occur?
Infected cysts, CPN, TB, renal trauma, or obstruction
139
What are the SS/SA of renal and perinephric abscesses?
SS: Unilateral flank pain, chills, fever, point tenderness
SA: Anechoic to hypoechoic complex mass with irregular borders, possible mass effect, possible sludge in collecting system
(If chronic, may contain septa, air, or microbubbles)
140
What is Pyonephrosis?
Presence of pus (gross, purulent) material in a dilated renal collecting system.
141
Pyonephrosis (SA, complication)
SA: Variable, but possible enlarged kidney with hydro. Sludge that doesn't move when the patient moves, air may be present, gotta examine for cortical thickness.
If chronic, can lead to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
142
What is the most common fungal infection in the kidneys?
Candida Albicans
143
What is the SA of Candida Albicans in the kidney?
Fungal balls, echogenic cortical tissue, hyperechoic non shadowing mass.
144
Tuberculosis (SA)
Kidney can appear normal but may look like 'Putty kidney'. Looks like parenchymal destruction and results in small, calcified, non functioning kidney. Increased echogenicity.
145
What is Malakoplakia and who is it most common in?
Rare granulomatous inflammatory disease. Most common in middle-aged women with recurrent UTI's.
146
What are the general things to look for in a parenchymal renal disease evaluation?
```
Renal Size
Renal Contour
Cortical echogenicity
Distinctness of the corticomedullary junction
Detectability of the renal pyramids
Size of the renal pyramids
Appearance of the renal sinus
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147
AIDS (most common spread, cause of renal dysfunction, SA)
Spread by sexual activity and infected needles.
Causes acute tubular necrosis, nephrocalinosis
SA: Increased cortical echogenicity, decreased definition of the CMJ, and decreased renal sinus fat. Also enlarged kidneys, potential punctate renal calcifications
148
What is the leading cause of CKD/CRF?
Diabetic nephropathy
149
Diabetic Nephropathy (SS, SA)
Diabetic pt with persistent proteinuria, elevated blood pressure without UTI, other renal diseases or heart failure
SA: evaluate with doppler
150
Papillary Necrosis (risk factors, SS, SA)
Risk factors: analgesic abuse, sickle cell disease, diabetes
SS: hematuria, flank pain, dysuria
SA: hypoechoic medullary rims with anechoic spaces, calcifications within pyramids
151
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (most common in, SS, SA)
Most common in women. Kidneys involved in half of cases.
SS: Hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension
SA: Increased cortical echogenicity, small or large renal size
152
ARF/AKI stands for:
Acute renal failure, acute kidney injury
153
AKI (definition, SS)
Acute decrease in renal function, high mortality rate
Possibly reversible
SS: Severe oliguria, elevated BUN
154
What is the most common renal disease to result in AKI?
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
155
Acute Tubular Necrosis (definition, SS, SA)
Cell damage and death of renal tubules. Reversible
SS: renal insufficiency, hematuria
SA: Bilaterally enlarged kidneys with hyperechoic pyramids
156
What are the differences between Acute Tubular Necrosis and Nephrocalcinosis?
ATN: Most common renal disease to result in AKI. Reversible. Bilaterally enlarged kidneys with hyperechoic pyramids.
Nephrocalcinosis: Echogenic renal pyramids with shadowing, hyperechoic foci within renal cortex, loss of definition of CMJ, typically bilateral and diffuse involvement
157
CKD (definition, most common in, SS, SA)
Irreversible condition with diminished renal function
Most common in diabetics and hypertension-related nephropathies
SS: Renal failure, hypertension
SA: Atrophied echogenic kidney
158
Name the two types of Dialysis
Hemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis
159
Blood moves through an artificial kidney unit - which dialysis is this?
Hemodialysis
160
Abdominal catheter is placed and dialysis takes 1.5-5 hours - which dialysis is this?
Peritoneal dialysis
