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MIDS 127 - abdo > The Gastrointestinal Tract (Adults) > Flashcards

The Gastrointestinal Tract (Adults) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 bowel wall layers and their echogenicity?

A

Outermost to innermost -

  1. Mucosal surface (echogenic)
  2. Muscularis Mucosa (hypoechoic)
  3. Submucosa (echogenic)
  4. Muscularis Propria (hypoechoic)
  5. Serosa (echogenic)
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2
Q

What is the largest endocrine organ in the body?

A

The GI tract

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3
Q

Where are Peptic Ulcers most common?

A

The Duodenum

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4
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

Ulceration of mucosal lining of lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum

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5
Q

Peptic Ulcers are more common in women or men?

A

Men

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6
Q

What are the risk factors for a peptic ulcer?

A

H. Pylori infection, NSAIDS, corticosteroids, severe stress/illness

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7
Q

What, if long standing, can lead to gastric CA?

A

Peptic Ulcers

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8
Q

What is the sonographic finding for a peptic ulcer?

A

Wall thickening

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9
Q

The GE junction is seen _______ to the LL and ________ to the AO.

A

Left liver lobe, anterior

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10
Q

What is the most common esophageal caricnoma?

A

Squamous cell caricinoma (upper and mid esophagus) but adenocarcinoma (lower)

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11
Q

Esophageal caricnoma is most common in women or men?

A

Men

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12
Q

What are the measurements for the stomach?

A

Undistended bowel wall: 4-6mm

Distended 2-4mm

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13
Q

Duplication Cysts (SS, complications, SF)

A

SS: Asymptomatic or distension, vomiting and abdo pain
Complications: hemorrhage, fistula
SF: anechoic cysts along the greater curvature with inner echogenic rim and wider outer hypoechoic rim

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14
Q

Gastritis (Acute, Chronic, Atrophic, Phlegmonous) appearances

A

Acute: Enlarged rugal folds with thickening of mucosal layer of the wall
Chronic: May demonstrate hyperplastic and inflammatory polyps
Atrophic: Atrophic mucosa
Phlegmonous: Wall thickening, potentially gas bubbles

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15
Q

Crohns Disease (where it most commonly affects, CP, SF)

A

Most commonly affects terminal ileum and prox colon.
CP: Young adults
SF: hypoechoic target lesion in trans, chronically hypervascular walls

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16
Q

What is the most common tumour of the stomach?

A

Leiomyomas

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17
Q

Leiomyomas (associations, SF)

A

Associated with: gallbladder stones, peptic ulcer disease, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma (the malignant version)
SF: hypoechoic oval/circular mass, continuous with muscle layer, and may be complicated by cystic areas of necrosis

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18
Q

GISTs is an acronym for:

A

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours

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19
Q

Gastric Carcinoma arises from…

A

The muscosa

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20
Q

Gastric Caricnoma is more common in males or females?

A

Males

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21
Q

SS of Gastric Carcinoma

A

Asymptomatic or indigestion, burning sensation, loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort, increased LFTs (all GI symptoms)

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22
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of Gastric Carcinoma?

A

Wall thickening (target or pseudokidney sign), mass with no peristalsis (no movement), mass can be ulcerated, diffuse, polypoid, or superficial

23
Q

The stomach is the most common site for primary __________ of the GI tract.

24
Q

Lymphoma commonly initially involves outer part of _____ ______ and inner part of _______.

A

Lamina propria, and submucosa

25
Lymphoma is associated with the bacteria __. __________.
H. Pylori
26
What is the sonographic appearance of Lymphoma?
Thickened hypoechoic wall, marked rugal thickening, mass is hypoechoic with spoke-wheel or bull's eye pattern
27
Leimyosarcoma (CP/SA)
50-60yo | SA: target shaped hypoechoic mass, potential central necrosis
28
Mets from the stomach commonly come from ________, _____ CA, _________ carcinoma.
melanoma, breast, bronchogenic
29
The Duodenum has 4 parts:
``` Duodenal bulb (shortest portion) Descending duodenum Transverse duodenum Ascending duodenum (becomes the jejunum at the ligament of Treitz) ```
30
The bowel should be ______ cm and demonstrate _______.
Less than 3 cm, peristalsis
31
Ileus is also known as:
Acute intestinal pseudoobstruction
32
What is the etiology of Ileus?
Peritonitis, renal colic, acute pancreatitis...
33
What is the sonographic appearance of Acute Intestinal Pseudoobstruction?
Small bowel distension with air or fluid, increased peristalsis
34
Small Bowel Obstruction can occur due to...
Adhesions, inflammation, neoplastic lesions, intussusception
35
What is the sonographic appearance of a small bowel obstruction?
Round in cross section, peristalsis is either absent or increased, valvulae conniventes are usually visible
36
Is the cause is volvulus, dilated loops will appear...
C-shaped in LONG (sag), often contain only fluid and no air
37
What is intussusception?
Telescoping of bowel into adjacent segment, usually occurs due to a tumour
38
Intussusception is most common in which age population?
Children
39
What is the sonographic appearance of Intussusception?
Concentric circles (trans), mesentery between two multilayered structures - 'sandwich sign' (sag), potential bowel lesion
40
Why does a small bowel hematoma occur?
Duodenum immobility (unable to jump out of harm's way)
41
What does a small bowel hematoma look like?
Bowel wall thickening of variaible echogenicity, potential dilated bowel loops
42
Small Bowel Edema can be caused by...
Hypoproteinemia
43
Crohn's Disease is also known as _________ _________.
Granulomatous Enteritis
44
What is the most common reason for a small bowel ultrasound?
Screening for Granulomatous Enteritis (Crohn disease)
45
What is the most common nonspecific inflammation of small bowel?
Crohn Disease (Granulomatous Enteritis)
46
Granulomatous Enteritis aka Crohn Disease commonly affects which part of the small bowel?
The ileum
47
What are the complications of Crohn Disease?
Stenosis, abscess, effusion, fistula, ulcerations, infiltrations
48
What is the sonographic appearance of Crohn Disease?
Thickened bowel wall with altered echogenicity and hypoechoic center (target sign!), hypervascular
49
Meckel Diverticulitis (SS, SF, DD, description)
Diverticulum located in distal ileum. Typically 3-6cm long. SS: intestinal obstruction, rectal bleeding, inflammation SF: inflamed diverticulum DD: appy
50
What is the most common benign tumour of the small bowel that arises from the muscularis propria?
Leiomyosarcoma
51
What is the most common small bowel tumour that is malignant?
Smooth muscle tumours
52
What are the most common metastatic malignancies?
Melanoma, lung, kidney, and breast
53
What is the sonographic appearance of mets to the small bowel?
Intramural or intraluminal masses, appear similar to smooth muscle tumours and lymphomas

MIDS 127 - abdo (14 decks)

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