The Imposition of Jim Crow, 1880-1917 Flashcards
Who wrote “The Blaze”?
Sutton Griggs
Who was Sutton Griggs?
A Southern African American Baptist Minister, who wrote tracts and novels
How did Sutton Griggs address his audience with little formal education?
- Simple Language
- Melodramatic Plots
- Thin characterisation
What are the 4 primary themes of Sutton Griggs’ “The Blaze”?
- Unprotected state of black womanhood
- Consequences of miscegenation
- Crisis of lynching & mob violence
- Effects of peonage & political repression
Why did Sutton Griggs write “The Hindered Hand”?
- National Baptist Convention requested he respond to the racist onslaught
- Thomas Dixon’s “The Leopard’s Spots”
What is the story of “The Blaze”?
- Bud & Foresta Crump try to use their education and industry to uplift the race
- Lynched
Who wrote “Lynch Law in the South”?
Frederick Douglass
Who was Frederick Douglass?
- Escaped slavery
- Advisor to Lincoln during the Civil War
- After the civil War, became black America’s major leader and spokesperson
What was “Lynch Law in the South”?
1892 article published in the “North American Review”
What was the message of “Lynch Law in the South”?
Asked the largely white audience to consider the consequences of American racial oppression
According to Frederick Douglass, what is increasing resistance to the Negro evidence of?
That the Negro is making progress (economic)
According to Frederick Douglass, what are the two futures/solutions to lynch law?
- Hope: South will reach a point when it wants no more blood
- 19th century is a century of progress - Fear: Negro will act, if the law does not
Who wrote “Mob Rule in New Orleans”?
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Who was Ida B. Wells-Barnett?
Teacher, journalist, and anti-lynching campaigner
Which lynching inspired Ida B. Wells-Barnett?
1892 lynching of Thomas Moss
- Called for blacks to leave Memphis and boycott street cars/ white businesses
According to Ida B. Wells-Barnett, what was the real cause of lynching?
Black prosperity: Act of terror designed to destroy black economic and political power
According to Ida B. Wells-Barnett, what was a myth about lynching?
That it was the result of the rape of white women by black men
What was the subject of “Mob Rule in New Orleans”?
Reconstructed the facts behind Robert Charles’ supposed rampage, showing that he was not the “monster” of newspaper accounts, but had the characteristics of American heroism
According to Ida B. Wells-Barnett, what was the official report of Robert Charles?
Negroes tried to hide him, he shot more policemen, and shot civilians in the street
Who wrote “The Haunted Oak”?
Paul Dunbar
What was “The Haunted Oak”?
A poem about lynching
Who was Paul Dunbar?
- First native-born African American poet to win international and national acclaim
- Wrote four novels, four short-story collections, and six poetry volumes
- Described by BTW as “poet laureate” of the Negro race
In “The Haunted Oak”, what is the implication of the double-voicedness?
Re-creation of the dialect sermon, in which simple speech carries a subversive message
What story inspired “The Haunted Oak”?
- Man in Alabama accused of rape, and dragged out of jail, and hung from an oak tree
- Branch withered
Where was “The Haunted Oak” first printed?
In “Century Magazine”, without the final two verses
What is the form of “The Haunted Oak”?
Traditional
- 4 lines per stanza
- 2nd and 4th lines rhyme
In “The Haunted Oak”, who is part of the lynch mob?
Judge, doctor, and minister and his son
In “The Haunted Oak”, who is the most remorseful participant in the crime?
The tree
Who wrote “The Litany at Atlanta”?
W. E. B. DuBois
What did DuBois write in 1899?
“The Philadelphia Negro”
- 1st sociological study of the black population of a major US city
Whose lynching inspired DuBois?
1899 lynching of Sam Hose
What did DuBois write in 1903?
“The Souls of Black Folk”
What movement was founded in 1905?
The Niagara Movement
Whose ideology was the Niagara Movement a reaction against?
Booker T. Washington’s
What organisation was founded in 1909?
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
What newspaper was founded in 1910, as part of the NAACP?
“The Crisis”
Where did DuBois write “A Litany in Atlanta”?
In a Jim Crow car, heading towards Atlanta, the fate of his family unknown in the race massacre
In what form is “A Litany in Atlanta”?
A poem
What caused the 1906 Atlanta race massacre?
Hysteria caused by newspaper reports of black men raping white women
According to DuBois in “A Litany in Atlanta”, what causes black crime?
White oppression
According to DuBois in “A Litany in Atlanta”, what was the irony of white christians?
Violating fundamental tenets of Christianity in the name of God
Who wrote “Christ Re-crucified”?
Countee Cullen
What movement was Countee Cullen a part of?
Harlem Renaissance
In what style did Countee Cullen write poetry?
Colour- conscious lyric poetry in the style of Shelley & Keats
In what style is “Christ Re-crucified”?
Sonnet
What are the 2 main themes of “Christ Re- crucified”?
- Southern landscape = hell on earth
2. Lynching transfigured the ordinary person into Christ
What are the biblical images in “Christ Re-crucified”?
- Thorns
- Purple Robe
- Wine
In “Christ Re-crucified”, what is the irony of Christ’s crucification?
Christ supposedly died for all sins, but that apparently doesn’t include being black
Who wrote “Christ in Alabama”?
Langston Hughes
What 2 events inspired “Christ in Alabama”?
- Scottsboro Case
2. Massacre in Camp Hill, Alabama
Where was “Christ in Alabama” published?
Contribution to “Contempo”, an unofficial student magazine at UNC Chapel Hill
- Poem & Essay on the Scottsboro case
In “Christ in Alabama”, what is the first line?
“Christ is a nigger”
In “Christ in Alabama”, what 4 characters are created?
- Christ: Black Man
- White sin of lust has created a mulatto race: “Most holy bastard”
- Black Slave Mothers: “Mammy of the South
- White Slavemaster Fathers: “White Master Above
In “Christ in Alabama”, what does the call and response structure invoke?
- 2 levels of discourse
- Seen in African American hymns and worksongs (mass choral dialogue)
Who wrote “The Religion of the American Negro”?
W. E. B. DuBois
Where was “The Religion of the American Negro” published?
New World: Quarterly Review of Religion, Ethics, and Theology
What does “The Religion of the American Negro” describe?
DuBois’ first encounter with a Southern Negro Revival
In “The Religion of the American Negro” what 3 things does DuBois say characterise the “Religion of the slave”?
- The preacher
- The music
- The frenzy
In “The Religion of the American Negro”, what does DuBois say about the Negro Church?
Social centre of Negro Life
In “The Religion of the American Negro”, what is the Double Life?
Must live a life as a Negro and as an American
Who wrote “The Negro Church”?
W. E. B. DuBois
What is the first chapter of “The Negro Church”?
History of the Negro Church
- Primitive Negro Religion
- Effect of Transplanting
- Sorcery
- Slavery & Christianity
- Early Restrictions
What is the main part of “The Negro Church”?
Survey of AA churches across America
What are some of the main themes of “The Negro Church”?
- Standards of ministers
- Emotionalism
- Community morals
Who wrote “The Afro-American Pulpit in Relation to Race Elevation”?
Francis Grimké
According to Grimké, in “The Afro-American Pulpit in Relation to Race Elevation”, what is the basis for the material and the intellectual?
Moral christian character
In “The Afro-American Pulpit in Relation to Race Elevation”, what is the best way to reach every African American?
The Christian Ministry
According to Francis Grimké in “The Afro-American Pulpit in Relation to Race Elevation”, what are the 3 problems with the christian ministry?
- Emotionalism
- Levity/frivolity
- Greed for money
Who wrote “God and prayer as Factors in the Struggle”?
Francis Grimké
What psalm does “God and prayer as Factors in the Struggle” open with?
Psalm 27:14 ‘Wait on the Lord, be of good courage, and he shall strengthen thine heart’
According to Grimké in “God and prayer as Factors in the Struggle”, what are 5 things for a hopeful future?
- Growth of manhood in the Negro
- Growing sense of what he is entitled to and determination to stand up for his rights
- Presence of Christianity & power to conquer all prejudices
- In the North & South there are white people who do not agree with the treatment of AA
- Certainty that right is ultimately to triumph
What is the message/aim of “God and prayer as Factors in the Struggle”?
Set aside a special day for prayer
What are the 3 ideas behind setting aside a day for prayer, according to “God and Prayer as Factors in the Struggle”?
- God will show us any evils in ourselves that we have to tackle
- Show white people that lynching goes against the basis of the Republic
- White people will remember slavery and so be more patient
Who wrote “God & the Race Problem”?
Francis Grimké
What psalm does “God & the Race Problem” open with?
Psalm 46:1 “God is ur refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble”
What is the message of “God & the Race Problem”?
Set aside a special day for prayer
- May 3 1903
According to “God & the Race Problem”, what 3 things would a day of prayer remind AA of?
- There is a God
- In need of guidance: not sufficient of ourselves
- AA have enemies
According to “God & the Race Problem”, what kind of Negro does the press and country support?
Negro who thinks that industrial education is sufficient, that the ballot is immaterial, and that civil rights can be dispensed with
According to “God & the Race Problem”, who are the enemies within the race?
- Those who cowardly acquiesce
2. Those who live without religion
Who wrote “Christianity & Race Prejudice”?
Francis Grimké
What 2 questions does “Christianity & Race Prejudice” ask?
- What is Race Prejudice?
2 What is Christianity?
Who wrote “The race problem, as it respects colored people and the Christian Church, in the light of the developments of the last year”?
Francis Grimké
What was “The race problem, as it respects…”?
A Union Thanksgiving Service at Plymouth Congregational Church, Washington DC
According to “The race problem, as it respects…”, what 4 things are there to be generally thankful for?
- WWI is over
- Casualty list smaller than that of other nations
- Loved ones have come home
- Helped to stop Germany
According t o “The race problem, as it respects…”, what 3 things should AA be thankful for?
- Growing sense within the race that it has constitutional rights, and those rights are important
- No longer submitting quietly to acts of violence
- Appeal of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America
Who wrote “100 years of the African Methodist Episcopal Zionist Church”?
James Walker Hood
Who was James Walker Hood?
- AMEZ Bishop
- Conservative (criticised by HMT)
In “100 Years of the AMEZ Church”, what was the proof for the assertion of the ancient greatness of the Negro race?
Bible: first of the earth’s great monarchs & race ruled the world for more than 1000 years
- Ethiopia & Egypt
According to “100 Years of the AMEZ Church”, what were the 3 periods in the history of the AMEZ church?
- Formation Period: 1796-1821
- Developing Period: 1821-1863
- Flourishing Period: 1863-1896
Who wrote “The Destined Superiority of the Negro”?
Alexander Crummell
Who was Alexander Crummell?
Episcopal priest and missionary
- Wanted African migration (Pan-Africanism)
What is the message of “The Destined Superiority of the Negro”?
- Some people God destroys, some people he chastises, yet preserves- God’s chosen people
- Negroes are God’s chosen people
According to “The Destined Superiority of the Negro”, what was the point of the slave trade?
Cultivation of definite moral qualities in the AA
Who wrote “The Claims of the Gospel Message”?
James Walker Hood
What is the message of “The Claims of the Gospel Message”?
- Traditional understanding of Jesus Christ as the fulfilment of God’s plan of redemption for fallen humanity
- Importance of suffering in the process of redemption
- God often lets his people experience adversity & pain in order to prepare them for salvation
According to “The Claims of the Gospel Message”, what is the Gospel?
God’s last message to man, complete in itself
Who wrote “The Divine Plan of Human Redemption”?
James Holly
What was “The Divine Plan of Human Redemption”?
An article in the AME Church Review
Who was James Holly?
- First AA bishop in the Protestant Episcopal Church
- Missionary Bishop of Haiti
- Advocated emigration of AA
What is the message of “The Divine Plan of Human Redemption”?
- That certain races are instrumental in God’s plan: last phase will take place through the line of Ham
- Suffering will result in the gaining of an important place in the “Coming Kingdom”
Who wrote “The Future of the American Negro”?
Booker T. Washington
Who was the ideology of Booker T. Washington?
Racial uplift through practical skills
What institution was Booker T. Washington head of?
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute
Where was Booker T. Washington’s famous speech?
Atlanta, at the Cotton States & International Exposition
According to Booker T. Washington, why did slavery occur?
- God often tests humans, and prepares them for a better life through pain and suffering
- White man can lift himself by lifting the black race
Who wrote “The Finest of the Wheat”?
Garfield Haywood
Who was Garfield Haywood?
- Pentecostalist (“Jesus Only” doctrine)
- First Bishop of the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World
What is the message of “The Finest of the Wheat”?
- Through suffering, get closer to God
- Allegory of Job
Who wrote “Fifty Years of Religious Progress”?
Levi Coppin
What was “Fifty Years of Religious Progress” ?
A sermon on the 50th anniversary of emancipation
Who was Levi Coppin?
AME Bishop & editor of the AME Church Review
According to Levi Coppin, what was the obligation of the church?
Must address the full range of human needs and concerns: obligation to address the socio-economic and political issues of the day
According to Levi Coppin, what was the effect of slavery on the church?
Promoted emotionalism: did not allow for the development of a full range of religious sensibilities within AA
In “Fifty Years of Religious Progress”, what is the evidence of that progress?
- Number of communicant & congregational members
- Number & quality of church edifices
- Auxiliary societies for young people
- Number of theological schools & funds raised for them
- Volumes written on ethical & theological subjects
- Improved condition of home life & number of worthy & qualified religious leaders
Who wrote “The Chicago Christian Endeavour Convention”?
Alexander Walters
What does “The Chicago Christian Endeavour Convention” form part of?
The autobiography of Alexander Walters; “My Life and Work”
Who was Alexander Walters?
- AMEZ Bishop
- Involved in the National Afro-American Council, Niagara Movement, and the National Colored Democratic League
- Each race played a role in the development of world civilisation
- European descent superior due to history
According to “The Chicago Christian Endeavour Convention” , was there anything biologically different between the races?
No: colour due to climatic conditions
According to “The Chicago Christian Endeavour Convention”, Christianity was the solution to what?
Race prejudice
In “The Chicago Christian Endeavour Convention”, why did God divide the races?
Into different battalions to fight different battles
Who wrote “Black Religion in the Post-Reconstruction South”?
William Wells Brown
Who was William Wells Brown?
- First AA playwright and novelist
- Escaped slave
- Feuded with Frederick Douglass
What did William Wells Brown see on his trip through the South 1879-80?
- White racism
- Withdrawal of northern liberals from freedman’s agencies
- Return to the power of traditional white elite
- Black regression in economics, politics, education, and health
According to “Black Religion in the Post-Reconstruction South”, what was a plague?
Black itinerant revivalists
In “Black Religion in the Post-Reconstruction South”, what was the highest point for a preacher?
To get the congregation shouting
According to “Black Religion in the Post-Reconstruction South”, what was the only solution?
An educated ministry
Who gave the “1899 Presidential Address to the National Baptist Convention”?
Elias C. Morris
Who was Elias C. Morris?
President of the National Baptist Convention Inc.
What was the message of the “1899 Presidential Address to the National Baptist Convention”?
Inventory of the strengths and weaknesses of the black baptists
What was the National Baptist Convention?
Formed out of the Baptist Foreign Mission Convention, National Baptist Convention, and National Baptist Education Convention in 1895
In “1899 Presidential Address to the National Baptist Convention”, what 2 charges does Elias C. Morris seek to refute?
- That the society entertains ill will to other Christian organisations
- Seeks to draw the colour line between Christians
According to “1899 Presidential Address to the National Baptist Convention”, what is hindering the work of the Convention?
Local dissension
Who wrote “Of the Faith of the Fathers”?
W. E. B. DuBois
Who wrote “The Race Problem in a Christian State”?
Reverdy C. Ransom
What was “The Race Problem in a Christian State”?
An address at the Park Street Church in Boston, 1906
According to “The Race Problem in a Christian State”, there should be no what in a Christian state?
Race problem
According to “The Race Problem in a Christian State”, what is propaganda?
The idea that industrial education will save the Negro Problem
According to “The Race Problem in a Christian State”, what should the Negroes not give up?
The right to vote
In “The Race Problem in a Christian State”, what should a Christian state want to do?
Raise everybody up
