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Gobbets Finals > Religion & The Civil Rights Movement > Flashcards

Religion & The Civil Rights Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Who wrote “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”?

A

Martin Luther King Jr.

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2
Q

What does “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” set out?

A

The goals and philosophy of the non-violent civil rights movement

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3
Q

What is “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” a response to?

A

A letter written by 8 white Alabama religious leaders, urging Birmingham blacks to withdraw support from MLK & the Civil Rights Activists

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4
Q

To whom was “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” addressed?

A

Moderate Christians of both races who had yet to support the elimination of segregation

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5
Q

In “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, why must churches speak on politics?

A

All great political questions are fundamentally moral questions

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6
Q

In “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, why is MLK in Birmingham?

A
  1. President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

2. Because injustice is there

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7
Q

According to “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, why is protest the only option?

A

The city’s white power structure left no alternative

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8
Q

In “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, what are the 4 steps of a non-violent campaign?

A
  1. Collection of the facts
  2. Negotiation
  3. Self-purification
  4. Direct action
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9
Q

In “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, who does MLK say are moving speedily towards independence?

A

Nations of Africa and Asia

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10
Q

In “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, what is the type of law you should obey?

A

Just law

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11
Q

According to “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, what is ironic about condemning protests as they might lead to violence?

A

Like condemning Jesus as his devotion to God’s will lead to the crucifixion

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12
Q

In “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, what are the two opposing forces in the Negro community?

A

Complacency vs. Bitterness and hatred

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13
Q

In “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, why is MLK ok with being called an extremist?

A

Jesus was an extremist for love

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14
Q

In “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, which two groups has MLK been disappointed with?

A
  1. White Moderates

2. White Church & its leadership

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15
Q

Who wrote “National Baptist Philosophy of Civil Rights”?

A

Joseph Jackson

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16
Q

Who was Joseph Jackson?

A
  • President of the National Baptist Convention, Inc. 1953-1982
  • Conservative views: spiritual mission of the Church
  • Need for AA to move from protest to production
  • Opposition to MLK
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17
Q

What did MLK form in 1961

A

The Progressive National Baptist Convention (break away from National Baptist Convention, Inc.)

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18
Q

In “National Baptist Philosophy of Civil Rights”, what is acknowledged about protest?

A

It has its place in the racial struggle, but not enough

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19
Q

What is the chief message of “National Baptist Philosophy of Civil Rights”?

A

AA must move from protest to production

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20
Q

According to “National Baptist Philosophy of Civil Rights”, what should education focus on?

A

Practical things: “Gospel of the soil”

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21
Q

Who wrote “Singing of Good Tidings and Freedom”?

A

Mahalia Jackson

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22
Q

Who was Mahalia Jackson?

A
  • Gospel singer

- “Going to heaven tunes”

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23
Q

In “Singing of Good Tidings and Freedom”, what does Jackson lament about the church?

A

They no longer help people to keep the faith

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24
Q

What racial distinction does Jackson draw in religious music, in “Singing of Good Tidings and Freedom”?

A

European hymns seen as beautiful, but not Negro music

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25
Q

Where did Jackson most famously sing, as described in “Singing of Good Tidings and Freedom”?

A

Washington March, before MLK’s “I Have A Dream” Speech

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26
Q

Who wrote “Black Theology and the Black Church”?

A

James Cone

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27
Q

Who was James Cone?

A

Professor of Systematic Theology at Union Theological Seminary
Supporter of Black Power

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28
Q

In “Black Theology and the Black Church”, what did Black Power challenge the Black Church to do?

A
  • Move beyond the models of Love defined in the context of white religion and theology
  • Define where they stand in relation to black power
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29
Q

In “Black Theology and the Black Church”, what is emphasised about the Black Church?

A

The central role that the black church has played in black people’s historical struggle for freedom

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30
Q

According to “Black Theology and the Black Church”, what is the problem in black churches using intellectual ideas from European theologians?

A

White Europeans did not shape their ideas in the social context of white racism

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31
Q

What is the message of “Black Theology and the Black Church”?

A

Need to create a new theological movement

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32
Q

In “Black Theology and the Black Church”, what has not been created in a vacuum?

A

Black theology: cannot simply return to African religion & philosophy

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33
Q

What does “Black Theology and the Black Church” call for, in terms of perspective?

A

Global perspective: should follow on from historical pan-Africanism, in getting all the oppressed peoples together

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34
Q

Who wrote “The Black Churches: A New Agenda”?

A

Lawrence Jones

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35
Q

What is “The Black Churches: A New Agenda”?

A

A contribution to ‘The Churches: Where from here?’ series for “The Christian Century”

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36
Q

Who was Lawrence Jones?

A

1970: First holder of the chair in African American Church History at Union Theological Seminary
Dean of Howard University’s School of Religion

37
Q

In “Black Churches: A New Agenda”, what are the 4 agendas that the Black Church was founded on?

A
  1. Proclamation of the Gospel
  2. Benevolences
  3. Education
    4 Foreign Ministers
38
Q

According to “Black Churches: A New Agenda”, what is the only founding agenda not to change?

A

Proclamation of the gospel

39
Q

In “Black Churches: A New Agenda”, what have black churches not developed that white churches have?

A

Effective centralised bureaucracies

40
Q

According to “Black Churches: A New Agenda”, what has a critical lack of money led to?

A

Continued fragmentation of the Afro-American religious community

41
Q

In “Black Churches: A New Agenda”, who have been greatly involved in growing church membership?

A

Local communities

42
Q

According to “Black Churches: A New Agenda”, what is in jeopardy?

A

Ability to attract urban dwellers in large numbers with a 19th century rural ethos

43
Q

What does “Black Churches: A New Agenda”, call on the black churches to do?

A

Address the consciousness, realities, and urgencies of contemporary urban life

44
Q

Who gave “Remarks on the Assassination”?

A

Robert F. Kennedy

45
Q

What was “Remarks on the Assassination”?

A

A speech given in Indianapolis informing the crowd that MLK had been shot

46
Q

Who was Robert F. Kennedy?

A

NY Senator, campaigning for the 1968 Democratic Presidential nomination

47
Q

What was the prepared response of RFK to the death of MLK?

A

“On the Mindless Menace of Violence”, Cleveland, Ohio

48
Q

What was the message of “Remarks on the Assassination”?

A

Work together to move the country forward

49
Q

In “Remarks on the Assassination”, how did RFK empathise with AA?

A

Mentions his feelings after the assassination of JFK

50
Q

According to “Remarks on the Assassination”, what are the 2 options open?

A

Greater polarisation between races or a coming together (what JFK would have wanted)

51
Q

Who gave “The Ballot or the Bullet”?

A

Malcolm X

52
Q

What was “The Ballot or the Bullet”?

A

A speech given by Malcolm X in April 1964 at Cory Methodist Church, Ohio

53
Q

When did Malcolm X separate from the Nation of Islam?

A

March 1964

54
Q

What was the relationship between the Nation of Islam and politics?

A

It forbade its members from participating in the political process

55
Q

In “The Ballot or the Bullet”, what question is X responding to?

A

“The Negro Revolt, and Where Do We Go From Here?”

56
Q

In “The Ballot or the Bullet”, who does X compare himself to?

A

MLK: Christian minister leading a civil rights organisation (X’s personal religion is Islam)

57
Q

Why does Malcolm X say it is time to submerge differences in “The Ballot or the Bullet”?

A

Common problem: all getting hell from the same man

58
Q

In “The Ballot or the Bullet”, what partnership does X invoke to show people can overcome differences?

A

JFK & Khrushchev

59
Q

According to “The Ballot or the Bullet”, what is so important about 1964?

A

It is an election year

60
Q

In “The Ballot or the Bullet”, what do blacks have the potential to do?

A

Get the Democrats out of government (esp. Dixiecrats)

61
Q

In “The Ballot or the Bullet”, what 2 things are stopping AA from voting?

A

Northern Gerrymandering

Southern refusal to give the Negro the vote

62
Q

According to “The Ballot or the Bullet”, what is the new interpretation of the Civil Rights Struggle?

A

Black Nationalism

63
Q

In “The Ballot or the Bullet”, what does the civil rights struggle need to be expanded to?

A

The level of human rights

64
Q

According to “The Ballot or the Bullet”, what does black nationalism mean economically?

A

Should control the economy of their own community: don’t let money out of the community

65
Q

Who gave “Myths About Malcolm X”?

A

Albert Cleage

66
Q

What was “Myths About Malcolm X”?

A

A speech at a memorial meeting, Friday Night Socialist Forum in Detroit

67
Q

Where was “Myths About Malcolm X” published?

A

International Socialist Review

68
Q

What was the aim of “Myths About Malcolm X”?

A

Personal reflections and re-find the man under the myths

69
Q

In “Myths About Malcolm X”, what does Cleage compare the myth around X to?

A

The myths that built up around Jesus

70
Q

Who was Albert Cleage?

A

Christian religious leader against integration

71
Q

In “Myths About Malcolm X”, what is the myth about his time in Mecca?

A

That he rejected his former position that the white man is the enemy and that separation is inescapable

72
Q

In “Myths About Malcolm X”, what is the myth about internationalisation?

A
  • That Malcolm wanted to internationalise the struggle and appeal to the United Nations
  • Didn’t think that the Africans were going to save the AA
73
Q

Was does Cleage not believe about Elijah Muhammad in “Myths About Malcolm X”?

A

That he assassinated Malcolm X

74
Q

According to “Myths About Malcolm X”, what is the basic principle?

A

That the white man is your enemy

75
Q

In “Myths About Malcolm X”, what is called “impossible and undesirable”?

A

Integration

76
Q

In “Myths About Malcolm X”, who did he lay the foundations for?

A

Stokely Carmichael

77
Q

Who is the interviewer in “Autobiography of Malcolm X”?

A

Alex Haley

78
Q

What was the original purpose of “Autobiography of Malcolm X”?

A

Help people appreciate how Mr. Muhammad salvages black people

79
Q

What genre does the “Autobiography of Malcolm X” fall into?

A

Spiritual conversion narrative (Augustinian approach)

80
Q

In the “Autobiography of Malcolm X”, what did the white man use to oppress people?

A

Religion

81
Q

According to the “Autobiography of Malcolm X”, what needs to come before civil rights

A

Human rights

82
Q

According to the “Autobiography of Malcolm X”, who was the Messiah?

A

Fard Muhammad

83
Q

In the “Autobiography of Malcolm X”, what had black people been brainwashed into doing”?

A

Worshipping a white Jesus

84
Q

In the “Autobiography of Malcom X”, what is white love?

A

Really lust

85
Q

What are “House Negroes” according to the “Autobiography of Malcolm X”?

A

AA handpicked by white men to fare slightly better than the black masses and so defend the power structure

86
Q

What has the bible been historically, in the “Autobiography of Malcolm X”?

A

The single greatest ideological weapon for enslaving millions of non-white humans

87
Q

How did Malcolm X view black leaders in his autobiography?

A

Black bodies with white heads

88
Q

In the “Autobiography of Malcolm X”, what is the only solution?

A

Complete separation from the white man

Gobbets Finals (12 decks)

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