Black Churches During the Jim Crow Era

Question 1

Who wrote “Effects of Urbanization”?

Answer 1

Lacy KirkWilliams

Question 2

Who was Lacy KirkWilliams?

Answer 2

A progressive clergyman of Olivet Baptist Church

Question 3

What was “Effects of Urbanization”?

Answer 3

Essay published in The Chicago Sunday Tribune

Question 4

Who became President of the National Baptist Convention Inc. in 1922?

Answer 4

Lacy KirkWilliams

Question 5

According to “Effects of Urbanization”, why did AA move to the cities?

Answer 5

• Desire for better environments & living conditions
• Want justice & better police protection
• Educational advantages
• Wider industrial opportunities
• Better wages
• Better religious opportunities

Question 6

According to “Effects of Urbanization”, how much did both the Chicago negro population and Chicago negro church membership increase 1916-20?

Answer 6

• Chicago negro population: 145.5%

- Chicago negro church membership: 40%

Question 7

According to “Effects of Urbanization”, what is there too much of and too little of in the church?

Answer 7

• Neglect of proper church duty

- Too much focus on heaven

Question 8

In “Effects of Urbanization”, what 2 remedies are needed for the church problem?

Answer 8

1. Must focus more on the religious psychology of the newcomers
2. Need a more comprehensive program (education etc.)

Question 9

Who gave the “Address on the Great Migration”?

Answer 9

African Methodist Episcopal Council of Bishops

Question 10

In 1917, where did the AME Council of Bishops meet?

Answer 10

Wilberforce University, Xenia, Ohio

Question 11

According to “Address on the Great Migration”, what time had come?

Answer 11

The Day of Reckoning

Question 12

In “Address on the Great Migration”, what did the rural churches need to do?

Answer 12

Need to find the cause of the unrest, and so the remedy

Question 13

In “Address on the Great Migration”, what did urban churches need to do?

Answer 13

1. Give friendship to those who arrive

2. Help migrants avoid the “haunts of vice”

Question 14

Who wrote “Things of the Spirit”?

Answer 14

Carter Woodson

Question 15

Who was Carter Woodson?

Answer 15

Founder of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History in 1915

Question 16

According to “Things of the Spirit”, what is the only institution that the race controls?

Answer 16

The Negro Church

Question 17

In “Things of the Spirit”, what are 2 problems of Negro preachers?

Answer 17

1. Ill-educated

2. Don’t pay their debts

Question 18

According to “Things of the Spirit”, what is one of the key differences between the rural and urban churches?

Answer 18

Urban church engaged in social action, the rural church focused on the spiritual

Question 19

In “Things of the Spirit”, why do revivals have to happen every summer?

Answer 19

“Hell-scared” people do not keep their religion

Question 20

Who wrote “The Churches of Bronzeville”?

Answer 20

St. Clair Drake & Horace R. Cayton

Question 21

What was “The Churches of Bronzeville”?

Answer 21

1. Initially a social survey of Chicago’s south side, financed by the Works Progress Administration, looking at juvenile delinquency
2. Re-written as part of R.R. Wright’s “The definitive study of Negro urbanization”

Question 22

What other major study does “The Churches of Bronzville” corroborate?

Answer 22

Gunnar Myrdal’s “An American Dilemma”

Question 23

According to “The Churches of Bronzville”, what does Bronzeville expect of its churches?

Answer 23

For them to “advance the race”

Question 24

In “The Churches of Bronzeville”, why do the churches have large amounts of debt?

Answer 24

They purchased the white churches/synagogues in the Black Belt as the white population moved out

Question 25

In "The Churches of Bronzeville", what % of churches are "store front"?

Answer 25

75%

Question 26

In "The Churches of Bronzeville", what is the church NOT?

Answer 26

The centre of community life, though it is important

Question 27

In "The Churches of Bronzeville", what 3 reasons are given as to why the church still flourishes?

Answer 27

1. Collective ceremonies give rhythm 2. Little theology 3. People "feel at home"

Question 28

Who wrote "My Life and Work"?

Answer 28

Alexander Walters

Question 29

In "My Life and Work", who sold out the AA in 1876?

Answer 29

The Republican Party

Question 30

In "My Life and Work", what council is Alexander Walters made President of?

Answer 30

National Afro-American Council

Question 31

According to "My Life and Work", what were the objects of the National Afro-American Council?

Answer 31

- Lynchings - The Convict Lease System - The Separate Car Law - Labour Commission - AA representation at the Paris Exposition - Cuban immigration

Question 32

In "My Life and Work", what will Christianity save?

Answer 32

The black race (need to follow the lord and not back down)

Question 33

In "My Life and Work", what does Alexander Walters compare to the sun?

Answer 33

Education: you cannot have too much sun

Question 34

Who wrote "The Defects of the Negro Church"?

Answer 34

Orishatukeh Faduma

Question 35

What was "The Defects of the Negro Church"?

Answer 35

An essay published in the American Negro Academy Occasional Papers

Question 36

Who was Orishatukeh Faduma?

Answer 36

- Slave rescued by the British Navy - Graduated from University of London & Yale Divinity School - 1902: Naturalised US citizen - AME Minister & missionary - Only African to address the American Negro Academy

Question 37

In "The Defects of the Negro Church", what are the 4 defects?

Answer 37

1. Tendency to lay stress on outwardness rather than inwardness 2. Neglect of rural communities 3. The Negro Ministry 4. Emotionalism of the laity

Question 38

Who wrote "The Negro Spiritual Speaks of Life and Death"?

Answer 38

Howard Thurman

Question 39

Who was Howard Thurman?

Answer 39

AA author, philosopher, theologian, educator, and civil rights leader (influenced MLK)

Question 40

What did Howard Thurman co-found in 1944?

Answer 40

The first interracial, interdenominational church in the USA

Question 41

According to "The Negro Spiritual Speaks of Life and Death", what are spirituals a source of rich testimony for?

Answer 41

Views of life and death

Question 42

In "The Negro Spiritual Speaks of Life and Death", what 3 sources do spirituals get their material from?

Answer 42

1. The World of Nature 2. Th stuff of experience 3. The Bible

Question 43

In "The Negro Spiritual Speaks of Life and Death", what was constant threat?

Answer 43

Imminent death

Question 44

In "The Negro Spiritual Speaks of Life and Death", the origin of what is never discussed?

Answer 44

Individual life- taken as a given

Question 45

According to "The Negro Spiritual Speaks of Life and Death", who is not mentioned?

Answer 45

Slaveowner: could only expect evil of him

Question 46

In "The Negro Spiritual Speaks of Life and Death", what is a literal place?

Answer 46

Heaven

Question 47

Who wrote "The Negro's Church" (1933)

Answer 47

Benjamin Mays & Joseph Nicholson

Question 48

Who was Benjamin Mays?

Answer 48

Baptist Minister, President of Morehouse College, advisor to Kennedy, Truman, Johnson and Carter, and mentor to MLK

Question 49

What was "The Negro's Church" (1933)

Answer 49

Sociological study of the black church in the 1930s

Question 50

According to "The Negro's Church", what was the early Negro Church to the slave?

Answer 50

The only organised field to release suppressed emotions and develop leadership

Question 51

According to "The Negro's Church", what kind of black preachers did whites help?

Answer 51

Those who preached about heaven, who told Negroes to be honest and obedient, and that by and by God would straighten things out

Question 52

According to "The Negro's Church", what are younger men in the priesthood better at?

Answer 52

Better collegiate and theological training

Question 53

According to "The Negro's Church", what % or urban churches are in debt?

Answer 53

70%

Question 54

In "The Negro's Church", what are the 5 epochs?

Answer 54

1. Slavery Epoch 1750-1859 2. Civil War Epoch 1860-1865 3. Post-Civil War Epoch 1866-1899 4. New Century Epoch 1900-1914 5. Migration Epoch 1915-1930

Question 55

According to "The Negro's Church", what is there a poor emphasis on in the Negro Ministry?

Answer 55

Academic training: idea of being "called" to god

Question 56

According to "The Negro's Church", what is challenging the ministerial leadership?

Answer 56

Leaders in other fields

Question 57

In "The Negro's Church", what are the 3 kinds of sermon?

Answer 57

1. Those that touch life situations 2. Sermons that are doctrinal/ theological 3. Those that are predominantly other-worldly

Question 58

Who wrote "The Power of the Negro Church"?

Answer 58

James Weldon Johnson

Question 59

Who was the first AA executive secretary of the NAACP?

Answer 59

James Weldon Johnson

Question 60

According to "The Power of the Negro Church", why is the black church relatively more powerful than the white church?

Answer 60

White people can be reached through other mediums

Question 61

According to "The Power of the Negro Church", what should the black church be made into?

Answer 61

An instrument for bettering the conditions of the race

Question 62

Who wrote "After Freedom"?

Answer 62

Hortense Powdermaker

Question 63

What is "After Freedom"?

Answer 63

An anthropological study of the interracial community of Indianola, Mississippi

Question 64

Who was Hortense Powdermaker?

Answer 64

An anthropologist

Question 65

In "After Freedom", what generally conforms to a set pattern?

Answer 65

"Getting religion" at revivals (stereotyped phrases)

Question 66

In "After Freedom", what is increasingly rare amongst the young?

Answer 66

Experience of getting religion

Question 67

According to "After Freedom", what influence is on the preacher?

Answer 67

Attitude towards his own people still highly influenced by white masters

Question 68

In "After Freedom", what group are prominent at revivals and in the churches?

Answer 68

Women

Question 69

Who wrote "An American Dilemma"?

Answer 69

Gunnar Myrdal

Question 70

What was "An American Dilemma"?

Answer 70

A study of race relations funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York

Question 71

Who was Gunnar Myrdal?

Answer 71

Swedish Nobel-Laureate economist

Question 72

What was the view of "An American Dilemma"?

Answer 72

Eventually democracy would triumph over racism

Question 73

According to "An American Dilemma", what was the vicious cycle of racism?

Answer 73

Whites oppressed Negroes, and then pointed to Negroes' poor performance as reason for the oppression

Question 74

According to "An American Dilemma", what was the solution for the American race problem?

Answer 74

Cure whites of their prejudice or improve the circumstances of Negroes

Question 75

In "An American Dilemma", what 3 organisations should be brought together for concerted action?

Answer 75

The Negro school, church, and press

Question 76

According to "An American Dilemma", what is the Negro church like?

Answer 76

Lower class white Protestant Church with emotionalism

Question 77

In "An American Dilemma", why does the Negro church have social functions?

Answer 77

To "sell" itself to the public

Question 78

According to "An American Dilemma", what it both a weakness and a strength of the Negro church?

Answer 78

Its segregation

Question 79

In "An American Dilemma", what are 4 weaknesses of the Negro Church?

Answer 79

1. Passivity in the field of power/race relations 2. Frequent schisms 3. Poverty: dependent on white benefactors 4. Ministers coming from a "call" rather than eduction: retain emotionalism

Question 80

Who wrote "Black Pastures"?

Answer 80

William Lloyd Imes

Question 81

Who was William Lloyd Imes?

Answer 81

- Pastor of the presbyterian St. James' Church in Harlem | - 1942 elected to the board of Union Theological Seminary

Question 82

In "Black Pastures", who was Benjamin Albert Imes?

Answer 82

William Lloyd Imes' father

Question 83

In "Black Pastures", who was the "Black Puritan"?

Answer 83

Francis James Grimke

Question 84

In "Black Pastures", what did William Lloyd Imes describe Fisk University as?

Answer 84

"A Black Educational Pasture"

Question 85

According to "Black Pastures", what monopoly can't the black race claim?

Answer 85

A monopoly of the best part of religion

Question 86

What response to churches being too costly does Imes have in "Black Pastures"?

Answer 86

That no one criticises costly secular organizations

Question 87

According to "Black Pastures", leadership like whose is needed in 1935?

Answer 87

Lincoln's

Question 88

In "Black Pastures", what does the modern world feel little need for?

Answer 88

The other-worldly point of view

Question 89

According to "Black Pastures", what does the world need more of?

Answer 89

"Practical saints"

Question 90

In "Black Pastures", why should preachers not "thrill"?

Answer 90

Have to keep to the simplicity that is in Christ

Question 91

In "Black Pastures", what war is the real war?

Answer 91

The war against hatred, greed etc.

Question 92

According to "Black Pastures", what has the Negro Church been in black history?

Answer 92

The one steady and dependable force

Question 93

What argument is given in "Black Pastures" against war?

Answer 93

Should we prove our superiority by our using of the same methods of oppression and evil that they use?