The impact of Napoleon's rule on France - 1799-1815 - NEEDED FOR EXAM Flashcards
The collapse of the Empire; the first Peace of Paris; the 100 days; Napoleon's abdication and second Peace of Paris; treatment of France by the Vienna settlement; the condition of France in 1815; Napoleon's reputation and legacy Have a mindmap on
Who formed the 6th Coalition and why was it formed?
Alexander I determined to force Napoleon from power and looked to create 6th coalition against him
When were the Prussians won over?
Prussians won over - signed separate armistice with Russia on 30 Dec 1812
When did Frederick William declare war on France?
March 1813
When did Britain join Prussia and Russia in the 6th Coalition against France?
June 1813
Within how many months of the Russian campaign did Napoleon create an army and how many men were in it?
Napoleon created new army of 250,000 within 3 months of Russian campaign
When did Napoleon declare war on Prussia?
April 1813
How many battles did the French win at Bautzen, and what did they do?
Won three battles at Bautzen but failed to follow up a Prussian retreat and agreed to an armistice
What did France face in October 1813 and where?
Napoleon faced joint forces of Prussians, Austrians, Russians and Swedes at ‘Battle of the Nations’ at Leipzig
What country did Napoleon have on his side at Leipzig?
Denmark
At Leipzig, what was the ratio of allied to French soldiers?
3 allied soldiers : 2 French
What was Napoleon forced into at Leipzig?
After nearly 3 days of fighting, Napoleon forced into retreat across Germany, pursued by allied forces
What happened at the battles at Victoria?
Napoleon fought series of battles - won a good number but forced back due to overwhelming odds
Who commanded the British army at Victoria?
Wellesley
What did the British do during the battle of Victoria?
Captured Madrid and expelled Joseph from Spain after Battle of Victoria in June 1813
When was the Battle of Victoria?
June 1813
What offer did Napoleon refuse from the 6th Coalition?
A peace deal that would’ve allowed France to keep natural frontiers of the Rhineland and Belgium
When Napoleon issued a decree for conscripts after the battle of Victoria, how many men did he try and get and how many did he actually get?
Napoleon issued decree for 900,000 conscripts but only a fraction raised
When was the Treaty of Chaumont?
March 1814
What was agreed in the Treaty of Chaumont?
Allies agreed to preserve their coalition until Napoleon had been totally defeated and the future of Europe was settled
When did the Coalition countries enter Paris?
30 March 1814
What did Napoleon’s marshals do when the coalition entered Paris in March 1814?
Marshals persuaded Napoleon to accept the terms the coalition wanted
When was the Treaty of Fontainbleau?
April 1814
What did the Treaty of Fontainbleau decide? 4 things
- Napoleon forced to give up throne but
- allowed to keep title of Emperor
- income of £200,000
- island of Elba as his own kingdom
What happened in France after the Treaty of Fontainbleau?
The Prussians, Russians and British encamped in Paris, Napoleon departed for his life in Elba and Napoleon’s wife (Marie-Louise) left Napoleon and went to Vienna
What 6 countries made up the allies?
Austria Britain Prussia Russia Portugal Sweden
After Napoleon was exiled to Elba, what did the allies do?
Enter Paris in April 1814 and invited Louis XVIII to take the throne
What was the condition of which Louis XVIII had to accept in order to take the throne?
Accept a charter of 74 articles - drawn up by a committee comprising Louis’ own advisors, Charles Talleyrand and other leading Napoleonic ministers
Name 7 things did the charter of 74 articles guarantee?
- A constitution with a two chamber assembly - an elected Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Peers (nobles) elected by Louis XVIII
- Fair taxation (controlled by Chamber of Deputies)
- Freedom of the individual and careers open to talent
- Equality before law
- Abolition of conscription
- Relatively free press
7 . Freedom of worship (Catholicism to be the state religion)
Who was Louis XVIII?
Louis, comte d’Provence, Louis XVI’s younger brother
Where did Louis XVIII live after the revolution?
Louis lived in exile in Russia, Prussia and Britain after revolution
When was Louis XVIII crowned as monarch?
In the restoration of May 30 1814.
When Louis XVIII was restored to power, how did he react?
He paraded through the streets in ‘traditional’ royalty pomp and installed himself in the Tuileries Palace
When Louis XVIII was restored to power, what did he insist?
That the published charter were to say that the freedoms promised were his gift to the people - not their basic right
What did Louis XVIII believe in?
His own Divine Right and the legitimacy of his position
What did Louis XVIII refuse?
To accept any responsibility to a new assembly
What was the treaty called that Louis XVIII had to sign in order to become King
The First Treaty of Paris to sign on 30 May 1814
Under the the First Treaty of Paris, what were the three terms for France?
- Allies agreed to withdraw from France and allow France to keep looted artworks
- France had to accept borders of 1792 so would extend east of the Rhine but lost Belgium, Holland, Italy and Germany but gained 500,000 more people than 1790
- France wouldn’t have war indemnity
To confirm the treaty and work out the details, where and when did allies and the French to agree to meet?
A Congress in Vienna in Nov 1814
Two objectives of the Vienna Congress?
- Preserve the balance of power in Europe
2. Restoration of old dynasties in Europe
Who was the British delegate at the Vienna Congress?
Foreign Secretary Viscount Castlereagh (and Duke of Wellington (Wellseley)) after Castlereagh returned to England in Feb 1815
Who was the Austrian delegate at the Vienna Congress?
Foreign Minister Klemens von Metternich
Who were the Russian delegates at the Vienna Congress?
Tsar Alexander and Foreign Minister Count Nesselrode
Who were the Prussian delegates at the Vienna Congress?
Frederick-William III of Prussia and his Chancellor Prince Karl von Hardenberg
Who was the French delegate at the Vienna Congress?
Foregin Minister Charles-Maurice Talleyrand
Who was Foreign Secretary Viscount Castlereagh (the British delegate at the Vienna Congress)? 5 things
- British statesmen and Foreign Minister between 1812-1822
- Managed sixth coalition which brought about Napoleon’s defeat
- Led British delegation at Congress of Vienna - wanted to preserve a ‘balance of power’ in Europe
- Favoured moderate liberal political reform
- Became unpopular for his repressive action against the working classes in Britain
Who was Metternich (the Austrian delegate at the Vienna Congress)? 3 things
- Able diplomat and Foreign Minister of Austria 1809-1848
- Presided over Congress of Vienna where he used his influence to resist the spread of liberal and nationalist ideas which could threaten the Austrian Empire
- Concern for monarchial government and aristocratic leadership continued in post-war era
Who was Talleyrand (the French delegate at the Vienna Congress)? 5 things
- Supporter of Napoleon
- 1804 - appointed Grand Chamberlain
- 1814 - allies entered Paris, he persuaded the Senate to establish a provisional government of five, including himself, and to declare Napoleon deposed
- Gov of Five recalled Louis XVIII who appointed Talleyrand as his Foreign Minister
- Served as France’s representative at Congress of Vienna
Who hosted the Vienna Congress, and how many people did he entertain?
Austrian Emperor Francis I, who entertained 4 kings, 2 crown princes, 3 grand duchesses and 32 German royals and their servants in his palace