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French Revolution 1774-1795 > The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789-1792 - NEEDED FOR EXAM > Flashcards

The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789-1792 - NEEDED FOR EXAM Flashcards

The sans-culottes and the collapse of the constitutional experiment Chapter 8 Waller Have a mindmap of

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1
Q

Who were the sans-culottes?

A 
Working-class radical left-wing supporters 
D
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2
Q

Which two prominent figures did the sans-culottes support?

A
  1. Marat
  2. Danton
    D
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3
Q

Which two locations did the sans-culottes meet in and when?

A

The Cordeliers Club pre-1792
The Paris sections post-1792
D

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4
Q

What social group made up the majority of the sans-culottes? 1 example

A

Artisans - e.g. craftsmen

D

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5
Q

What did all sans-culottes share?

A

A hatred of the ‘selfish wealth’ of the bourgeoisie

D

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6
Q

What imbalance could be detrimental to the sans-culottes?

A

An imbalance between wages and the cost of living - the difference between acceptable existence and destitution
D

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7
Q

Why were the sans-culottes given their name?

A

Because they deliberately chose to dress down

D

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8
Q

What would the sans-culottes not wear?

A 
Silk knee breeches with stockings due to them being worn by the higher class
D
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9
Q

What colours/patterns were the sans-culottes clothes?

A

Striped and red/white and blue for the tricolore cockade

D

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10
Q

What were the Parisian sections?

A

A basic unit of the municipal government in France

D

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11
Q

How many sections of Paris were there and what were they known for?

A

48 sections were divisions of the Commune, known for their militancy
D

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12
Q

Which group dominated many assemblies of the sections?

A

The sans-culottes

D

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13
Q

How were most of the revolutionary journees organised?

A

Through the sections with the sans-culottes

D

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14
Q

When was the journee of June 1792 and why was it that particular date?

A

20 June 1792 as it was the anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath
D

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15
Q

How did the journee of the 20th June 92 begin?

A

8,000 sans-culottes and some National Guards marched to the Tuileries
D

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16
Q

What did the sans-culottes demand in the journee of 20th June 92

A

That Louis withdraw his vetoes and reinstate pro-war ministers
D

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17
Q

How did Louis respond to the journee of 20th June 92?

A

He opened his doors to the crowds, appeared in person and placed a bonnet rouge on his head, and toasted the nation
D

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18
Q

How did the crowd respond to Louis on the journee of 20th June 92?

A

They were satisfied despite him making no promises in response to their questions and then withdrew
D

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19
Q

How did the moderates react to the journee of 20th June 92?

A

They found it unsettling so Lafayette visited the Assembly

D

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20
Q

After the journee of 20th June 92, when did Lafayette visit the Assembly and what did he want?

A

28th of June 92 and he demanded action against the protestors
D

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21
Q

What news on 2 July 92 justified the sans-culottes’ demands on the journee of 20th June?

A

News that the Army of the North was in retreat

D

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22
Q

On July 11 92, what decree was issued and why?

A

The decree la patrie en danger (the fatherland in danger) in response to French reverses in the war
D

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23
Q

What did the decree la patrie en danger call on?

A

That all men should support the war effort

D

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24
Q

What did Robespierre do in the Assembly in July 92?

A

Give a speech that France should become a republic

D

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25
Q

Which three groups of people supported Robespierre’s speech about France as a republic?

A

The Paris Commune, the Paris sections and left-wing radicals

D

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26
Q

What did Robespierre’s July speech argue?

A

That there should be elections to a National Convention that both active and passive citizens would have a vote in
D

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27
Q

What manifesto arrived on August 1 ‘92 and who wrote it?

A

The Brunswick Manifesto written by the Duke of Brunswick

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28
Q

What two things did the Brunswick Manifesto say?

A
  1. That any National Guardsmen captured by Austrians would be killed
  2. Paris would suffer if any harm came to Louis XVI
    D
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29
Q

What happened on the 10 August 1792?

A

A second sans-culottes march to the Tuileries Palace

D

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30
Q

How many sans-culottes and federes marched on 10 August 92?

A

20,000 sans-culottes and 2000 federes

D

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31
Q

Who else accompanied the federes and sans-culottes marching on the Tuileries Palace on the journee of 10 Aug 92?

A

The National Guards from more revolutionary Paris sections

D

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32
Q

How prepared were the sans-culottes and marchers?

A

Well prepared and well armed

D

33
Q

How did the King react to the journee of 10 Aug 92?

A

Louis XVI was advised to seek sanctuary in the Assembly

D

34
Q

Who defended the Tuileries Palace on the journee of 10 Aug 92? 3 groups

A
  1. National Guard loyal to the monarch
  2. Some gendarmes and ‘gentlemen-at-arms’
  3. Swiss Guards
    D
35
Q

How many men were there defending Tuileries on the journee of 10 Aug 92? How many of them were Swiss Guards

A

2,000-3,000 men, with 700-800 Swiss Guards

D

36
Q

What did many of the National Guard do on the journee of 10 Aug 92?

A

Defected

D

37
Q

Due to the National Guard defecting on the journee of 10 Aug 92, what happened?

A

Crowds were able to surge into the courtyard and first building resulting in a shot being fired
D

38
Q

As a result of a shot being fired, what happened in the Tuileries on the journee of 10 Aug 92?

A

A two-hour battle, resulting in the palace nearly being burned down
D

39
Q

How many sans-culottes and federes were killed/wounded in the journee of 10 Aug 92?

A

1,000

D

40
Q

How many of the Swiss Guard and gentlemen-at-arms were killed during the August journee?

A

Nearly all of them

D

41
Q

In the events following the journee of 10 Aug 92, what did the Paris Commune do regarding the king?

A

Removed the King and royal family to the Temple prison but didn’t proclaim to depose him or establish a republic
D

42
Q

What decree did the Paris Commune issue after the August journee?

A

One that ended the distinction between active and passive citizens but rejected Robespierre’s demand to abandon the two-tier voting system
D

43
Q

What Convention did the Paris Commune promise after the August journee?

A

One elected by all men over 25 years

D

44
Q

When was the Paris Commune originally set up and why?

A

1789 as an illegal municipal council when the King was threatening Paris with troops
D

45
Q

When did the Paris Commune become an elected body?

A

1790

D

46
Q

How many delegates were there in the Paris Commune and how were they decided?

A

144 chosen by the active citizens of the 48 sections

D

47
Q

Between July 1789-September 1791, what group were the majority of the Paris Commune from?

A

Mainly Feuillants

D

48
Q

Between September 1791-August 1792, what group were the majority of the Paris Commune from?

A

Mainly Girondins

D

49
Q

After the sans-culotte journee of 10 August 92, what was the Paris Commune replaced by and who made it up?

A

A new insurrectionary Commune with a Jacobin majority

D

50
Q

From Nov 1792, who headed the insurrectionary Commune (former PAris Commune)

A

Chaumette and Herbert

D

51
Q

Who did the sans-culottes’ favour and what happened to him in the aftermath of the August journee?

A

Danton who was made Minister of Justice

D

52
Q

When Danton was made Minister of Justice, what did he establish?

A

A committee of ministers to take executive power until new elections could be held
D

53
Q

What was announced regarding laws after the August journee?

A

That all laws on which the King had used his suspensory veto would immediately come into force
D

54
Q

What tribunal was set up after the August journee and when?

A

A tribunal with juries and judges elected by the sections to prosecute traitors on 17 August
D

55
Q

How did Lafayette react to the events following the August journee?

A

He made a bid to march on Paris to restore the constitution but failed to attract support so fled France
D

56
Q

When did Lafayette defect to the Austrians?

A

19th August 92

D

57
Q

What two pieces of news reached Paris and when?

A

25th August 92 - Longwy had fallen to Austria two days previously
1st Sept - Verdun was under siege, suggesting that the Duke of Brunswick was only a couple of weeks away
D

58
Q

At the same time as the threat of the Austrians reaching Paris, what was happening in the Vendee?

A

A royalist uprising that killed 200 people

D

59
Q

To reduce panic at the end of Aug 92, what two things did Danton do and when?

A

30th Aug - he authorised house searches for weapons hidden by the ill disposed
2nd Sept - he launched a levee, enforcing conscription
D

60
Q

How many houses were searched and how many people were imprisoned over the two days between 30th Aug-1st Sept?

A

All homes searched and 3,000 taken to prison

D

61
Q

What three things added to the tension in Paris in the lead up to the September massacres?

A
  1. Proximity of enemy armies
  2. Rumours of aristocratic plots
  3. Fear of traitors in Paris who could massacre patriots’ families
    D
62
Q

How many prisoners in the Parisian gaols were massacred in an orgy of blood-letting?

A

1000-1500

D

63
Q

When did the first attack during the September massacres begin and who led it?

A

2 September led by federes

D

64
Q

Who did the federes attack first during the September massacres?

A

Refactory priests being taken to or held in prison

D

65
Q

Over the days of the September massacre, which groups of people were massacred? 6 groups

A
  1. Refactory priests
  2. Political prisoners
  3. Ordinary criminals (including women and children in a reform-prison)
  4. Monks
  5. Nuns
  6. Priests
    D
66
Q

Who largely carried out the attacks during the September massacres?

A

The sans-culottes

D

67
Q

Which institution encouraged attacks during the September massacres?

A 
Insurrectionary Commune (former Paris commmune)
D
68
Q

Two outcomes of the attacks that took place in the provinces?

A
  1. Fears abroad of the dangers of popular revolution were confirmed
  2. The Girondins blamed Jacobins for inciting the massacres, furthering the split
    D
69
Q

The popularity of which two individuals increased during the September massacres and why?

A
  1. Danton, who allowed the attacks to escalate

2. Robespierre, who encouraged it

70
Q

What was the violent response that some provinces took during the September massacres?

A

Prisoners were impaled on spikes and clubbed to death

D

71
Q

What event coincided with the beginning of the September massacres on 2nd Sept?

A

The second stage of the elections for a new National Convention
D

72
Q

What was different about the second stage of the elections for a new National Convention?

A

All adult male citizens were given the right to vote for the first time
D

73
Q

What propaganda did the Girondins spread and how, at the beginning of the second stage of elections/September massacres?

A

That there was a need for a return to stability under their leadership, through their widely read newspapers
D

74
Q

Who was the voter’s first choice in Paris?

Who was also voted in?

A

Robespierre

Marat, Danton and Desmoulins
D

75
Q

What impact did the widening of the electorate have on the elections to the National Convention?

A

Little because voter turnout was low

D

76
Q

Who were the Montagnards?

A

Jacobin deputies in the NC who supported Robespierre

D

77
Q

Who was the Plain?

A

The majority of deputies in the National Convention who weren’t committed to extreme radicalism or excessive moderation
D

78
Q

Which two groups made up the National Convention?

A
  1. The Montagnards
  2. The Plain
    D
79
Q

Which types of people made up the Plain and why?

A

Judges, lawyers, doctors
They prospered in the ‘new’ France and didn’t want extremism to return
D

French Revolution 1774-1795 (14 decks)

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