The impact of Napoleon's rule on France - 1799-1815 - NEEDED FOR EXAM Flashcards
Social change: class distinctions and titles; education and attitude to women; censorship and propaganda; the position of the Church; the Concordat and its aftermath Have a mindmap on
1
Q
What did Napoleon offer to allow opportunities for promotion?
A
He offered a hierarchical system which allowed for opportunities for promotion among the lower ranking soldiers.
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2
Q
How did the hierarchical society help lower and middle classes?
A
Self-improvement gave them hope and an incentive to work hard.
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3
Q
Was there a limit on how much those in the lower ranks could advance themselves?
A
Yes
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4
Q
What was Napoleon only interested in?
A
Those who could serve his empire in the Masses de Granit.
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5
Q
Which 3 groups made up the Masses de Granit?
A
- The notables
- Whom the government and administration of the region relied on
- Those who did well in Imperial France
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6
Q
What three things did Napoleon like about hierarchies?
A
- It gave people something to aspire to
- It enabled him to act as a patron
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7
Q
Why was the system of ‘open talents’ introduced?
A
To establish a system where people had the ability to aspire and achieve greater, however, the lower ranks of society had limited opportunities to do so.
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8
Q
What did Napoleon’s class distinctions and titles reforms highlight?
A
Many reforms only benefited those in the higher ranks of society, such as those within his most loyal government such as ministers and government officials.
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9
Q
When was the Legion d’Honneur introduced?
A
1802
10
Q
What was the Legion d’Honneur and what did it reward?
A
A medal aimed to reward military and civil achievements to those who had served him well and shown their loyalty
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11
Q
How were people chosen for the Legion d’Honneur?
A
Chosen for their military service
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12
Q
How many Legion d’Honneur awards were given between 1802-1814?
A
32,000 awards
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13
Q
Of those 32,000 Legion d’Honneur awards given, how many were given to civilians?
A
1,500
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14
Q
What did Napoleon serve as?
A
Grand master of the order
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15
Q
What did the council of seven grand officers do?
A
They administered the 15 cohorts into which the order was divided
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16
Q
How many classes were there in the order?
A
5
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17
Q
What was the grand eagle
A
A symbolic class that granted membership to an exclusive group of Napoleon's most loyal D
18
Q
What was the lowest in the hierarchy of the five classes?
A
Knights
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19
Q
What 2 things did recipients of the five classes get?
A
- A small annual salary
- A star of the order bearing Napoleon’s head
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20
Q
What was introduced in 1805?
A
A large sash with a silver star and eagle for members of the order
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21
Q
What did the titles in the five classes of order represent?
A
Prestige
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22
Q
What was the Napoleonic nobility?
A
An award that gave the holder the title Knights of the Empire
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23
Q
When was the Napoleonic nobility established?
A
1808
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24
Q
After three generations of recipients, what would happen to the Knights of the Empire award?
A
It became hereditary
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25
What did the Imperial decree find?
The Imperial Nobility
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26
When was the Imperial Nobility founded?
March 1808
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27
What did the Imperial decree do regarding titles?
It gave them to ministers, senators, archbishops etc
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28
Who became barons under the imperial decree?
Bishops/mayors of large cities
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29
What happened to the number of princes after the imperial decree?
It increased
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30
What percentage of titles went to military men after the imperial decree?
59%
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31
What did awarding titles help ensure?
That the fate of Napoleon's supporters were closely linked to his own
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32
What percentage of titles went to non-nobles, senior state officials or military men after the imperial decree?
2%
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33
What gifts did titles often bring?
Estate and pensions
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34
What provision was made regarding titles becoming hereditary?
When recipients had an income 200,000 francs+ they could maintain the title of a duke and it could become hereditary
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35
What was the new nobility like in comparison with that of 1789?
It was 1/7th of the size of the old nobility and primarily linked to service
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36
What did Napoleon claim credit for regarding the education system?
Napoleon was able to claim credit for devising a new “enlightened” education system for France but his changes weren't as extensive as the early idealist would wish
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37
What law was brought in regarding education?
A law that introduced an Ecole Populaire (state primary school in each commune) and Lycees =
Provided boarding education and entrance was by an open scholarship exam
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38
Who ran an ecole populaire?
The local municipality and subject to the inspection of a sous-prefet
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39
What was a Lycees?
A secondary school for boys
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40
What were the age requirements for Lycees?
10-16
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41
How many Lycees were initially opened and how many were eventually opened?
Initially 37 - increased to 45
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42
What school did Napoleon establish first?
Lycees then the ecole populaire
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43
What did Napoleon insist on if private and church-run schools were to remain?
The virtues of obedience to the state were instilled in pupils
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44
How many places in Lycees were available?
6,4000
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45
Of the places available in Lycees, how many went to the sons of soldiers/civil servants?
2,400
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46
Which type of class did Lycees appeal to?
Property-owning classes + military elites
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47
What did Napoleon ensure happened within the Lycees?
That they were run with military discipline and taught a curriculum that was modern - secular + offered science
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48
When was the Imperial Uni established?
March 1808
49
What did the Imperial Uni do?
Act as a supervisory, rather than teaching, institution, ensuring that all education (state and private) conformed to certain standards
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50
What 3 things was the Imperial Uni responsible for?
1. Establishment of new schools
2. The curriculum which was standardised across state and private
3. School inspections and annual reports to Napoleon
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51
What did Napoleon feel regarding Lycees?
That Lycees were the more important part in reforming the French society, alongside his military disciplines and providing schooling for loyal civil servants and military personnel.
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52
What three things were important regarding the educational reforms?
1. Ensuring patriotism and loyalty to the state and Emperor
2. Fulfilling the aspirations of the notables
3. Providing for the future of the Empire
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53
What was Napoleon's attitude towards women?
Traditionalist
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54
What was Napoleon's public view of women?
That women were destined for marriage and that was for the purpose of acquiring and transmitting property and conceiving and raising children
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55
What did Napoleon believe regarding female education?
That primary school was sufficient education and they weren't to be taught Latin
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56
What did Napoleon believe regarding women's brains?
That women had weak brains and unstable ideas that could only be met by religion
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57
What did Napoleon believe regarding women's attraction?
That is was based off their high principles and warm hearts - not because of witt or being amusing
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58
When was the Civil Code introduced?
1804
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59
What did the Civil Code grant women regarding property?
Marginally more control over their own property when they married
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60
What was immovable property?
Land
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61
What was considered regarding immovable property - decided by the Civil Code of 1804?
That it was too important for women to manage or seek without consent of her husband
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62
What was considered to be allowed to be possessed by women - decided by the Civil Code of 1804?
Immovable goods
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63
What did women have to do if they sold or made a profit from immovable goods?
She had to pay ⅓ of her income into a joint-asset pool to share with her husband
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64
What rules did the Civil Code of 1804 decide regarding women getting married?
Until daughters were 21, they had to have their father’s permission to marry
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65
What two things couldn't unmarried women do?
1. Act as a guardian
2. Witness a legal document
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66
What could married women not accept?
An inheritance or legacy without husband’s authority
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67
What did the Civil Code 1804 also introduce regarding legitimate children?
Legitimate children couldn’t be disinherited and at least 75% of property had to be equally dispersed between legitimate offspring - male and female.
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68
What was the system of inheritance known as?
Partage
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69
What did partage replace?
The Ancien Regime practice of primogeniture
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70
What was primogeniture?
Only the eldest son inherited the father’s property
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71
What was considered grounds of divorce regarding male adultery?
Only considered grounds for divorce if he brought his mistress home
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72
What was considered grounds of divorce regarding female adultery?
Any form of adultery and could bring a three-month gaol sentence
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73
What did Napoleon introduce regarding divorce laws?
Divorce by mutual consent - major step forward from previous laws
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74
What four conditions had to be met for divorce by mutual consent to be permitted?
1. If the couple had been married at least two years but not more than 20
2. If the wife wasn’t older than 45 but younger than 21
3. If the husband was at least 25
4. If the parents of the couple and any adult children gave approval
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75
How many publishing newspapers in Paris were there in 1800?
73
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76
How many publishing newspapers in Paris were there in 1801?
4
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77
How many Parisian publishing houses did Napoleon close in 1808?
140
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78
From 1810 onwards, what happened to publications in departements?
Each department was only allowed 1 publication which had to be approved by the state
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79
What was appointed to papers from 1809?
Censors that prevented discussion of controversial topics; only official news.
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80
What did the French police have to do for all publishers?
Inspect and approve all publishers, granting them a licence if they were satisfied.
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81
What special allowance was the police given?
1. To search publisher’s buildings to prevent anti-Napoleonic sentiment from brewing
2. To issue fines of 3,000 francs to those in possession of illegal works
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82
What was only allowed to be published from 1809 onwards?
Only news that was allowed to be published was official state from Napoleon’s military bulletin from which he personally wrote from the front lines of the glory and victories of the French (even if it was far from the truth, i.e. Russian Campaign in 1812)
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83
What subsection was created?
A subsection of the ministry of the interior was created to monitor and censor newspapers
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84
What did the media project?
Napoleon’s self inflated image of himself, pushing the idea that he had ‘brought order to chaos'
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85
What did Napoleon compare himself to in speeches/other documents?
To the great empires of the classical ages such as the Romans (from whom he borrowed the prestige of many of their symbols, ie. The Imperial Eagle gifts)
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86
What three things did Napoleon use to promote his own image around the empire?
1. Architecture
2. Fine art
3. Literature
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87
Two public works Napoleon had created to show physical manifestations of his glory?
1. The Arc du Carole
2. The Arc de Triomphe
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88
What was one of the prime causes of the civil war in France?
The revolutionaries’ decision to destroy the independence of the Church
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89
What would reconciliation with the church do?
Help the policies of amalgame and ralliement.
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90
What became more open in reaction to the dechristianisation of the Terror?
Catholic worship started to become more open in the time of the Directory
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91
What did the accession of the new Pope Pius VII do?
Provided an excuse for a reconciliation
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92
When was Pope Pius VIII brought in?
1800
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93
What did religion help preserve?
Social order
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94
What did Napoleon decree regarding the opening of churches?
That churches could open any day of the week
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95
When did Napoleon decree churches could open any day of the week?
Dec 1799
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96
When Pope Pius VII came into accession, what was agreed?
The Concordat
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97
When was the Concordat agreed?
15 July 1801
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98
What 4 terms were agreed upon in the Concordat?
1. Pope seen as the = head of the catholic church
2. Catholicism was recognised as the = religion of the majority
3. Catholic worship was to become freely available
4. The pope recognised the new regime in France + promised not to attempt to reclaim church lands
99
When were the terms of the Concordat published?
Easter Sunday 1802
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100
What were the Organic Articles?
Articles that were published alongside the Concordat that gave no reference to the Pope
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101
What two things did the Organic Articles state?
1. Government approval had to be given before any papal legate entered France or any papal document was published there.
2. All teachers in the seminars which trained protests had to be Frenchmen
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102
What did the Organic Articles guarantee?
Religion toleration to the nearly 700,000 protestants and 40,000 jews living in France
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103
How was the Concordat received?
Hailed as a great Triumph for Napoleon
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104
Who did the Concordat help win over?
Uncertain royalists and did much to reassure the notables with its promises that the biens nationaux were safe and new-won wealth would not be lost.
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105
Who came out of hiding after the Concordat publication?
Refractory priests
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106
What calendar was abandoned after the Concordat publication?
The revolutionary calendar
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107
What calendar did France move back to and when?
The Christian Gregorian Calendar in Jan 1806
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108
What happened to Napoleon's relationship with the Pope?
Steadily deteriorated
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109
What two reasons did Napoleon's relationship with the Pope deteriorate?
1. Due to French ambitions in Italy - the way Napoleon treated Pontiff
2. He was humiliated at Napoleon's coronation in 1804
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110
What did Napoleon's reconciliation with the Church provide?
Napoleon used the church to make amends with the institutions it had distanced itself from. By reconciling with the church, he also gained a political edge as it’s followers would view him, and his government more favourably.
111
What impact did the religious reforms provide?
They aimed to alter public opinions and win over the public’s affection, leading to loyalty and obedience.
