The impact of Napoleon's rule on France - 1799-1815 - NEEDED FOR EXAM Flashcards
Social change: class distinctions and titles; education and attitude to women; censorship and propaganda; the position of the Church; the Concordat and its aftermath Have a mindmap on
What did Napoleon offer to allow opportunities for promotion?
He offered a hierarchical system which allowed for opportunities for promotion among the lower ranking soldiers.
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How did the hierarchical society help lower and middle classes?
Self-improvement gave them hope and an incentive to work hard.
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Was there a limit on how much those in the lower ranks could advance themselves?
Yes
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What was Napoleon only interested in?
Those who could serve his empire in the Masses de Granit.
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Which 3 groups made up the Masses de Granit?
- The notables
- Whom the government and administration of the region relied on
- Those who did well in Imperial France
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What three things did Napoleon like about hierarchies?
- It gave people something to aspire to
- It enabled him to act as a patron
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Why was the system of ‘open talents’ introduced?
To establish a system where people had the ability to aspire and achieve greater, however, the lower ranks of society had limited opportunities to do so.
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What did Napoleon’s class distinctions and titles reforms highlight?
Many reforms only benefited those in the higher ranks of society, such as those within his most loyal government such as ministers and government officials.
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When was the Legion d’Honneur introduced?
1802
What was the Legion d’Honneur and what did it reward?
A medal aimed to reward military and civil achievements to those who had served him well and shown their loyalty
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How were people chosen for the Legion d’Honneur?
Chosen for their military service
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How many Legion d’Honneur awards were given between 1802-1814?
32,000 awards
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Of those 32,000 Legion d’Honneur awards given, how many were given to civilians?
1,500
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What did Napoleon serve as?
Grand master of the order
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What did the council of seven grand officers do?
They administered the 15 cohorts into which the order was divided
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How many classes were there in the order?
5
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What was the grand eagle
A symbolic class that granted membership to an exclusive group of Napoleon's most loyal D
What was the lowest in the hierarchy of the five classes?
Knights
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What 2 things did recipients of the five classes get?
- A small annual salary
- A star of the order bearing Napoleon’s head
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What was introduced in 1805?
A large sash with a silver star and eagle for members of the order
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What did the titles in the five classes of order represent?
Prestige
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What was the Napoleonic nobility?
An award that gave the holder the title Knights of the Empire
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When was the Napoleonic nobility established?
1808
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After three generations of recipients, what would happen to the Knights of the Empire award?
It became hereditary
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What did the Imperial decree find?
The Imperial Nobility
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When was the Imperial Nobility founded?
March 1808
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What did the Imperial decree do regarding titles?
It gave them to ministers, senators, archbishops etc
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Who became barons under the imperial decree?
Bishops/mayors of large cities
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What happened to the number of princes after the imperial decree?
It increased
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What percentage of titles went to military men after the imperial decree?
59%
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What did awarding titles help ensure?
That the fate of Napoleon’s supporters were closely linked to his own
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What percentage of titles went to non-nobles, senior state officials or military men after the imperial decree?
2%
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What gifts did titles often bring?
Estate and pensions
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What provision was made regarding titles becoming hereditary?
When recipients had an income 200,000 francs+ they could maintain the title of a duke and it could become hereditary
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What was the new nobility like in comparison with that of 1789?
It was 1/7th of the size of the old nobility and primarily linked to service
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What did Napoleon claim credit for regarding the education system?
Napoleon was able to claim credit for devising a new “enlightened” education system for France but his changes weren’t as extensive as the early idealist would wish
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What law was brought in regarding education?
A law that introduced an Ecole Populaire (state primary school in each commune) and Lycees =
Provided boarding education and entrance was by an open scholarship exam
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Who ran an ecole populaire?
The local municipality and subject to the inspection of a sous-prefet
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What was a Lycees?
A secondary school for boys
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What were the age requirements for Lycees?
10-16
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How many Lycees were initially opened and how many were eventually opened?
Initially 37 - increased to 45
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What school did Napoleon establish first?
Lycees then the ecole populaire
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What did Napoleon insist on if private and church-run schools were to remain?
The virtues of obedience to the state were instilled in pupils
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How many places in Lycees were available?
6,4000
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