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Human Physiology (1) > The immune system > Flashcards

The immune system Flashcards

Understand the anatomy and function of the immune system Describe the response to different pathogens Understand the function and differences between innate and acquired immunity

1
Q

What does the immune system protect us from? (3)

A

Pathogens and foreign molecules such as:
Parasites
Bacteria
Viruses

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2
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the immune system?

A

Protects from pathogens and foreign molecules
Removes dead or damaged cells
Attempts to recognise and remove abnormal cells

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3
Q

What are the 2 lines of body defences?

A

Physical and chemical barriers

Immune defences

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4
Q

What are physical and chemical barriers? (2)

A

Skin, epithelial linings and cilia

Acids, mucous and lysozymes

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5
Q

What is an immune defence? (2)

A

Innate, non-specific, immediate response

Acquired - specific attack on pathogen

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6
Q

What is the lymphatic system comprised of? (4)

A

Primary tissues (bone marrow and thymus)
Encapsulated tissues (lymph nodes and spleen)
Lymph vessels
Diffuse tissues

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7
Q

What are the 6 key cells of the immune system?

A

Basophils - release chemicals that cause inflammation
Neutrophils - ingest and destroy invaders
Eosinophils - destroy invaders
Monocytes and macrophages - ingest and destroy
Lymphocytes and plasma cells - specific
Dendritic cells - recognise pathogens

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8
Q

What is the definition of innate immunity?

A

The body’s nonspecific immune response to. invasion - present from birth

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9
Q

How does innate immunity work? (4)

A

Physical and chemical barriers
Phagocytosis: macrophages and neutrophils
Engulf and digest
Inflammatory response

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10
Q

How do phagosomes work with lysosomes? (2)

A
  1. Phagosome engulfs pathogen

2. Lysosomal enzymes digest pathogen

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11
Q

What are the roles of macrophages? (3)

A
  1. Macrophage engulfs antigen
  2. Macrophage digests antigen in lysosome
  3. Antigen presenting macrophage displays antigen fragments on surface receptors
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12
Q

How do natural killer cells work? (4)

A

They eliminate virus-infected and tumour cells

  1. secrete interferons (interferon alpha and beta)
  2. Prevent viral replication
  3. Interferon gamma is released - actives immune cells
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13
Q

Describe the inflammatory response role: (3)

A
  1. Attract immune cells and chemical mediators to site of infection
  2. Produce physical barrier to proven the infection form spreading
  3. Promote tissue repair
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14
Q

Name the 4 players in the inflammatory response:

A
  1. Histamines from mast cells - swelling
  2. Interleukins - allows more WBC to enter
  3. Bradykinin - pain and swelling
  4. Complement cascade - membrane attack complex
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15
Q

Describe the membrane attack complex: (complement cascade)

A
  1. Complement proteins insert themselves in to the pathogen membrane
  2. Water and ions freely enter the cell
  3. Cell swells and lyses - death
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16
Q

What is the definition of acquired immunity?

A

Directed at specific invaders and is the bodies SPECIFIC immune response - adaptive immunity

17
Q

What are the 3 players in acquired immunity?

A

T lymphocytes - helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells
B lymphocytes - plasma and memory cells
NK cells

18
Q

What is a B lymphocyte?

A

A lymphocyte clone that has a specific antigen

19
Q

What is the primary immune response? (4)

A
  1. Correct antigen is found
  2. Clonal expansion
  3. Memory cells are long lived and reproduce
  4. Short lived effector cells carry out the immediate response
20
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

When memory cells are re-exposed to the appropriate antigen, the clone expands more rapidly to produce effector and memory cells

21
Q

How many classes of antibodies are there and what are their names?

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgA
  3. IgE
  4. IgM
  5. IgD
22
Q

What are the key structural details about antibodies: (4)

A

Heavy chain and light chain
Fab region is top half, Fc region is bottom half
Hinge region allows movement
Linked by disulphide bonds

23
Q

What is the most common anti body?

A

IgG - 75%

24
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A

T cell receptors - activated by antigen

Bind to antigen presenting cell

25
Q

What is involved in the major histocompatibility complex? (2)

A

Cytotoxic T cells

Helper T cells

26
Q

What is involved in a defence against bacteria? (4)

A

Skin - initial barrier
Phagocytes, B lymphocytes, Mast cells and lyses
Antibodies
Plasma proteins and leukocytes release antibodies

27
Q

What is involved in a defence against a virus? (5)

A

Cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, macrophages and cytokines, B lymphocytes

Human Physiology (1) (21 decks)

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