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Human Physiology (1) > Endocrine system 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What endocrine organs are located in the head/neck? (5)

A 
Parathyroid glands
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid
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2
Q

Which endocrine organs are located in the trunk of the body? (3)

A

Pancreas
Adrenal glands
Ovaries/testes

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3
Q

What is the structure of the pituitary gland? (3)

A

Anterior pituitary gland - mouth (up growth from roof of mouth)
Posterior pituitary gland - neural (down-growth of the brain)
Connected by the pituitary stalk to the hypothalamus

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4
Q

What are the scientific names for vascularised pituitary and neural pituitary? (2)

A

Vascularised - adenohypophysis

Neural - neurohypophysis

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5
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Cell bodies and the neurone responsible for the secretion of hypothalamic-releasing factors (hormones)

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6
Q

Where does a hormone initially go once released from the hypothalamus?

A

They pass along portal vessels to reach a capillary bed of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY which controls secretion

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7
Q

What is endocrine axis route? (7)

A 
Hypothalamus
Releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary
Tropic hormone
Peripheral endocrine gland
Peripheral hormone
Target cell response
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8
Q

How does the endocrine axis adapt to change?

A

It contains feedback loops, direct and indirect at each stage - stays within a narrow range

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9
Q

What hormone produces LH and FSH (sex hormones)

A

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

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10
Q

What is the main function of the posterior pituitary? (2)

A

Store vesicles containing hormone

Release into blood when stimulated

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11
Q

What are the 4 key steps in the hypothalamus + posterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Neuroendocrine cells synthesise vasopressin and oxytocin in hypothalamus
  2. Vesicles transported along neurones
  3. Stored in axon termini in posterior P
  4. Hormones released into the blood
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12
Q

What do arginine vasopressin and antidiuretic hormone do? (2)

A

Blood vessels - increase BP by vasoconstriction V1 receptors (high AVP conc)
Kidney - increase re-absorption of water V2 receptors (AVP) ADH increases urine production (opposite)

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13
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Allows breast milk to come out of the breasts

Release stimulated by suckling and by cervical stimulation

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14
Q

What roles the PP have in oxytocin release?

A 
Suckling/cervical distension
Sensory nerves increased stimulation
Hypothalamus releases hormone down the neural tract
PP releases oxytocin 
Positive feedback cervical distension
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15
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Beneath the corpus callous and behind the thalamus

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16
Q

What does the pineal gland release?

A

Melatonin - derived from tryptophan

17
Q

What is melatonin? (4)

A

It is involved with the control of the body’s circadian rhythm in synchrony with there light/dark cycle

  • promotes sleep
  • seasonal fluctuations
  • important for breeding, migration, hibernation
18
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid gland? (4)

A

Inwards to out

  • Colloid centre
  • Microvilli edge of centre
  • Cuboidal follicular cells surrounding
  • Capillary around the edge
19
Q

What hormones are made in the thyroid and where are they stored? (3)

A

Thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3)
Made and synthesised in colloid of thyroid follicules
Stored in the follicular cells

20
Q

Where is calcitonin made?

A

Parafollicular C cells outside of the thyroid

21
Q

What are the actions of T3 and T4? (2)

A

Increase metabolism in the body
(Increased basal metabolic rate)
(Increase metabolism of CHOs, proteins and fats

Stimulate growth and development

22
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Involved in calcium homeostasis, decreases calcium ions

23
Q

What are the 5 tropic hormones the anterior P produces?

A 
GH - many tissues
TSH - thyroid
ACTH - adrenal cortex
LH/FSH - testes and ovaries
Prolactin

Human Physiology (1) (21 decks)

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