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Human Physiology (1) > Hormonal mechanisms > Flashcards

Hormonal mechanisms Flashcards

Describe the various types of chemical 'inter-cellular messenger' in the body Describe and distinguish the basic structure, synthesis, release, transport and mechanism of hormone action of a) peptide and b) steroid hormones Explain the physiological mechanisms involved in the regulation of hormone release, including feedback control, the endocrine axis, neuroendocrine reflexes and diurnal rhythms Briefly summarise the types of endocrine disorders and the principles of treatment of the conditions

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger secreted directly into the blood stream from an endocrine gland

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2
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine?

A

Endocrine is ductless

Exocrine has ducts

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3
Q

What is the basic mechanism of an endocrine hormone: (3)

A

Hormone released from endocrine gland
Blood
Target cell

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4
Q

What are 2 examples of endocrine messengers:

A 
Thyroid - stimulating hormone. Ant. pituitary to act on thyroid gland
Thyroid hormones (T4 T3) all cells of the body
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5
Q

What does autocrine mean?

A

Substances that are produced and act in the SAME cell

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6
Q

What does paracrine mean?

A

Made in one cell, travels in interstitial fluid to act one a NEIGHBOURING cell - doesn’t enter the blood

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7
Q

What is the neuroendocrine mechanism? (4)

A

Nerve cell
Axon terminal
Blood
Target cell

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8
Q

What is a neurotransmitter mechanism? (3)

A

Neurone
Neurotransmitter
Neurone

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of hormone?

A

Peptide hormones (chains of AA) - hydrophilic
Steroid hormones (cholesterol) - lipophilic
Tyrosine derivative hormones (thyroid) - hydrophilic
Eicosanoids - prostaglandins

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10
Q

Describe the peptide synthesis and release:

A

Synthesis: Gene -> mRNA transcription, mRNA -> protein translation. This is then folded in the RER and modified in the Golgi the hormone is then stored in a secretory granule until stimulus arrives

Release: exocytosis with the plasma membrane

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11
Q

Describe the steroid hormone synthesis and release:

A

Hormone is made and lipophilic so can cross the plasma membrane. The hormone cannot be stored as it will diffuse out - they must be bound to plasma proteins

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12
Q

Describe the transport of the 2 types of hormones:

A

Peptide: Hydrophilic, free hormone with a half life of MINUTES (susceptible to protease)
Steroid an d thyroid hormones: Lipophilic, bound to plasma proteins with a half life of DAYS

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13
Q

Describe the peptide hormone action: (4)

A

Hormone binds to a receptors
Either a G protein stimulates a effector or Tyrosine kinase is stimulated
Signal transduction
Physiological response

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14
Q

Describe the steroid hormone action: (4)

A

Hormone diffuses in to the cell
Either cytosolic receptor or nuclear receptor
Bind to promoter of genes
Increase or decrease gene expression - takes time

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15
Q

How are hormones metabolised? (3)

A

Enzymes in the liver, kidney or blood
Small proportion why target tissues
Excreted in urine

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16
Q

How is hormone release regulated? (2)

A

Negative feedback - always changing slightly

Positive feedback - enhancing process

17
Q

What is the endocrine axis? (7)

A 
Hypothalamus
Releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary
Tropic hormone
Peripheral endocrine gland
Hormone
Target cell
18
Q

What is diurnal rhythms?

A

Cortisol, peaks in early morning and decreases during the day

19
Q

What are enzyme disorders? (3)

A

Hormone excess
Lack of hormone
Decreased target-cell responses

20
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Excess cortisol

21
Q

How can you treat hormone disorders? (4)

A

Hormone replacement
Drugs to block production (hyper secretion)
Drugs to enhance cellular response to hormone (hyposecretion)
Radiotherapy or surgery if tumour

Human Physiology (1) (21 decks)

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