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Introduction to Healthcare Science > The immune system > Flashcards

The immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

Name cells of the immune system which are of lymphoid linage?

A
  • Lymphocytes (both t and b lymphocytes).
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2
Q

How do lymphocytes recognise antigens?

A
  • Either by B cell or T cell receptors.
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3
Q

In the early stages of inflammation what order do you normally get cells of the immune system?

A
  • Neutrophils, monocytes and then lymphocytes.
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4
Q

Cells of lymphoid origin have how many nucleus?

A
  • They are mononuclear (1).
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5
Q

Cells of myeloid origin usually have how many nucleus?

A
  • Either mononuclear (1) or polymorphonuclear.
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6
Q

What are the main functions of NK (lymphoid in origin) cells and CD8+ T cells?

A
  • Cytotoxicity.
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7
Q

What are the main functions of CD4 + T cells and gamma delta T cells (lymphoid in origin)?

A
  • Regulation of immune response.
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8
Q

What are the main functions of B cells?

A
  • Involved in antibody production and antigen presentation.
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9
Q

What is the main function of dendritic cells?

A
  • Involved in antigen presentation.
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10
Q

What are the main functions of monocytes and macrophages?

A
  • They are involved in antigen presentation but their main function is phagocytosis and killing.
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11
Q

What are the main functions of neutrophils?

A
  • Phagocytosis and killing.
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12
Q

What are the main functions of eosinophils?

A
  • Extracellular digestion.
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13
Q

What are the main functions of basophils and mast cells?

A
  • Inflammation.
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14
Q

Where do cells of the lymphoid and myeloid linage stem from?

A
  • The haematopoietic stem cell.
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15
Q

Give an example of a mononuclear myeloid cell?

A
  • Macrophage and dendritic cells.
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16
Q

Where are immature and mature dendritic cells found?

A
  • Immature: peripheral sites.

- Mature: lymph nodes.

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17
Q

Name some polymorphonuclear (granulocytes) myeloid cells?

A
  • This means they have lobed nucleuses (E.g. neutrophils, eosinophils).
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18
Q

Activated B cells are known as what?

A
  • Plasma cells.
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19
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A
  • Like cytotoxic T cells, contain lytic granules inside the cell that can kill virally infected cells.
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20
Q

What happens when MHC class 1 gets presented to a cytotoxic cd8 T cell?

A
  • Cell is killed.
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21
Q

What happens if a pathogen is presented by MHC class 2 and interacts with cd4 helper T cell?

A
  • This helps regulate the immune response and generate the most appropriate immune response.
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22
Q

How do B lymphocytes respond to the presence of an antigen?

A
  • Recognise antigen via B cell receptor on surface of cells.
  • They can recognise antigen in native form doesn’t need to be presented.
  • B cell becomes activated to become plasma cell whose main function is to produce antibodies which can then kill those extracellular pathogens.p
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23
Q

What is the T cell receptor composed of?

A
  • Alpha chain and beta chain, small minority can also express a gamma-delta T cell.
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24
Q

Name cells of the immune system which are of myeloid linage?

A
  • Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil and monocyte.
25
Q

What are the four classes of pathogen that the immune system protects against?

A
  • Bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites (can be split into protozoa and worms).
26
Q

What is a pathogen?

A
  • Any organism with the potential to cause disease.
27
Q

Give an example of a bacteria?

A
  • Salmonella: causes food poisoning.
28
Q

Give an example of a virus?

A
  • HIV: causes AIDS.
29
Q

Give an example of a fungi?

A
  • Candida: causes thrush.
30
Q

Give an example of a parasite?

A
  • Protozoa: e.g. Leishman causes leishmaniasis.

- Worms: e.g. Schistosoma causes schistosomiasis.

31
Q

Name the pathogens from largest to smallest.

A
  • Worms (large) -> Protozoa -> fungi -> bacteria -> viruses (small).
32
Q

What are the two main stages of immune response to infection?

A
  • Recognition: locate and identify invader.

- Defence: repel or destroy the invader (pathogen).

33
Q

What are the fundamental features of the immune system?

A
  • has to have specificity.
  • memory.
  • self discrimination.
34
Q

What is the bodies first line of defence against infections?

A
  • Skin and mucosal surfaces.
35
Q

What are the routes of infection?

A
  • via airways (inhaled droplets/spores).
  • via GI tract (contaminated water and food).
  • via reproductive tract (physical contact).
  • via external epithelium (physical contact).
  • via wounds/abrasions (puncture/damage skin).
  • via insect bites.
36
Q

What are the two types of defence?

A
  • Innate immune responses and adaptive (or acquired) immune responses.
37
Q

What are the different stages of immune responses?

A
  • 1st innate immunity (occurs immediately 0-4h). Infection - recognition performed by preformed non specific effectors (complement) can get removal of infectious agents.
  • early induced response (4-96 hours “early”). Infection - recognition of PAMPs, inflammation recruitment and activation of effector cells - removal of infectious (if not successful adaptive response occurs later).
  • adaptive immune response (late: >96h). Infection - transport of antigen to lymphoid organs, recognition by naive t and B cells, clonal expansion and differentiation to effector cells, removal of infectious agents.
38
Q

What are the stages of the primary immune response?

A
  • epithelial barrier.
  • wound.
  • early induced response.
  • later adaptive response.
39
Q

What are the main cells in the adaptive immune response?

A
  • B and T cells.
40
Q

What are the two types of recognition molecules on B and T lymphocytes?

A
  • B cells: B cell receptor/immunoglobulin (Ig).

- T cells: T cell receptor (TCR).

41
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A
  • Immunocompetent cells of immune system.

They have the ability to recognise and respond to a wide range of antigens.

42
Q

Describe a B cell receptor.

A
  • 2 identical heavy chains (50-70KDa).
  • 2 identical light chains (25KDa).
  • pair of identical binding sites for antigen (composed of variable domain from heavy chain and variable domain from light chain).
43
Q

What are the five classes of immunoglobulin?

A
  • IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE.
44
Q

Describe the T cell receptor.

A
  • Made up of 2 polypeptide chains, an alpha and a beta chain.
  • Each chain has a constant domain and a variable domain.
  • A small number of T cells can express a gamma delta receptor (expressed in a majority of cells).
45
Q

How many antigen combining sites do T and B cell receptors have?

A
  • B cell: 2 antigen combining sites on B cell receptor.

- T cell: 1 antigen combining site on T cell receptor.

46
Q

What antigens do T and B cells recognise?

A
  • T cells: T cell receptors only recognise antigens which have been processed and presented by either MHC class 1 or MHC class 2 (t cell becomes activated and becomes an effector T cell producing things like cytokines).
  • B cells: recognise antigen in native form, once bound becomes activated and becomes a plasma cell (who’s main function is to produce antibodies).
47
Q

What are the forms of T cell and how are they presented?

A
  • Cd8+ cytotoxic T cell and is presented by MHC class 1.

- Cd4+ helper T cells and is presented by MHC class 2.

48
Q

What is MHC class 1 composed of?

A
  • Beta 2 microglobulin and alpha 1, 2, 3 (antigen is presented by alpha 1 and 2 domains).
49
Q

What is MHC class 2 composed of?

A
  • Alpha 1 and 2, beta 1 and 2 (antigen is presented by alpha 1 and 2).
50
Q

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs?

A
  • Thymus and bone marrow (lymphocytes arise from stem cell progenitors in the bone marrow).
51
Q

Where do B and T cells mature?

A
  • B cells complete maturation in the bone marrow whereas T cells leave at the immature stage and complete their development in the thymus.
52
Q

There are a variety of secondary lymphoid organs, name a few?

A
  • Lymph nodes, spleen, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues.
53
Q

Characteristics of lymph node?

A
  • Small kidney shaped organ, around 1-2cm long, carefully packed with lymphocytes, macrophages and other cells of the immune system.
  • T cells in inner cortex B cells in outer cortex.
54
Q

Characteristics of the spleen?

A
  • Large lymphoid organ found in the upper left hand side of the abdomen.
  • Red pulp area: old or damaged cells removed from circulation.
  • White pulp area: tissue in which lymphocytes respond to pathogens.
  • Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) mainly contains t-cells.
  • Lymphoid follicle: mainly contains B cells and macrophages.
  • Like lymph node B and T cells found in anatomically discrete areas.
55
Q

Characteristics of gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)?

A
  • B cells when activated generate germinal centres.
  • B cell rich areas and T cell rich areas.
  • The m cell delivers the pathogen from lumeral side of gut closer to the lymphoid tissues.
  • In GALT T and B cells become activated when pathogen crosses m cell - they leave via efferent lymphatics to go back into blood circulation.
56
Q

If pathogens are going to be recognised by T lymphocyte (T cell) they have to be processed and presented by what?

A
  • either MHC Class 1 or MHC Class 2.
57
Q

Explain B cell development.

A
  • takes place in bone marrow.
  • earliest B cells interact with stromal reticular cells where they proliferate and mature.
  • cell selection occurs and apoptotic cells are phagocytosed by macrophages any cells that do not survive and therefore removed.
  • cells that survive interact with these adventitial reticular cells which facilitate exit out of bone marrow and into circulation.
58
Q

Explain T cell differentiation in the thymus.

A
  • start off with T cell which doesn’t express any cd4 or cd8, it enters thymus via blood vessel and starts to express and rearrange its T cell receptor and interacts with corticol epithelial cells which express MHC.
  • if it doesn’t recognise self MHC it gets removed (apoptosis).
  • if it does but also recognises self antigen cell is also removed.
  • if it recognises MHC but not self antigen, cell leaves and enters cortiomedullary region still cd4 and cd8 +ve and its only when it reaches the medulla that it decides if it’s a cd4 or cd8 cell.
  • these cells then leave as naive T cells all which express lots of T cell receptor.
59
Q

Where do T cells and B cells congregate in the lymph nodes?

A
  • T cells congregate in inner cortex.

- B cells congregate in outer cortex.

Introduction to Healthcare Science (23 decks)

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