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Introduction to Healthcare Science > The central dogma of molecular biology > Flashcards

The central dogma of molecular biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the process that creates RNA from DNA?

A
  • Transcription.
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2
Q

What is the process that turns information from RNA into protein?

A
  • Translation.
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3
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A
  • DNA –> RNA –> Protein.
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4
Q

Where is protein produced?

A
  • In the cytoplasm.
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5
Q

How does information get from DNA to the site of protein synthesis?

A
  • mRNA (messenger RNA).
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6
Q

What is transcription?

A
  • Process in which one strand of the DNA is used as a template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule.
  • it’s very similar to DNA replication as it also relies on complementary base pairing.
  • however uracil in RNA instead if thymine.
  • there are no thymine molecules in RNA.
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7
Q

Once the template strand of DNA has been copied to make the primary RNA transcript what modifications occur to make the mature messenger RNA molecule?

A
  • 5’ cap added: protects RNA from enzyme degradation.
  • 3’ poly A tail: string of adenine bases, stabilises the mRNA molecule.
  • key process that happens: RNA splicing. Removes introns from primary transcript and ensures exits are stuck together.
  • Following these modifications the mature mRNA transcript is then exported to the cytoplasm to direct process of translation.
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8
Q

What is translation?

A
  • Process by which we get this polypeptide structure being produced and the amino acid sequence of that polypeptide is determined by the codon sequence in the mRNA molecule.
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9
Q

Codon sequence?

A
  • Condon consists of 3 nucleotides that specify a particular amino acid.
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10
Q

What is the start codon?

A
  • Site where initiation of translation always starts.

- ATG in DNA or AUG in RNA (codes for methionine).

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11
Q

What are the two binding sites in ribosomes?

A
  • A: binding site for incoming peptide.

- P: site where peptide bond between amino acids formed.

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12
Q

How are DNA and mRNA sequences different?

A
  • Intronic sequences will be spliced out of pre-mRNA during RNA processing, the mRNA sequence will therefore be shorter than the genomic DNA sequence.
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13
Q

What is the start codon?

A
  • ATG.
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14
Q

What does ATG code for?

A
  • Methionine (start codon for translation).
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15
Q

What is the difference between the sense strand and the sequence of mRNA?

A
  • The sequence of mRNA will be the same as the sense strand, except that all thymine bases in the DNA will be replaced by uracil.
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16
Q

What is the difference between the initiation of DNA replication/synthesis and RNA synthesis (transcription)?

A
  • DNA replication requires an RNA primer.
  • Transcription relies on the binding of several transcription factors to start the process rather than a nucleotide primer.
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17
Q

What does it mean by the genetic code is unambiguous?

A
  • Any given codon always specifies the same amino acid.
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18
Q

During transcription in which direction is the RNA molecule synthesised?

A
  • 5’ to 3’.
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19
Q

What does it mean by the genetic code is degenerate?

A
  • Some amino acids are specified by several codons.
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20
Q

What are the three steps of processing pre-mRNA ?

A
  • Capping the 5’ end.
  • Polyadenylation of the 3’ end.
  • Splicing of exons.
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21
Q

Once processing has taken place and pre-mRNA is now mature where is it moved to?

A
  • Cytoplasm.
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22
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A
  • 20.
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23
Q

How is information carried from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis?

A
  • By RNA.
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24
Q

Is uracil a purine or a pyrimidine?

A
  • Pyrimidine.
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25
Q

What is the genetic material in viruses?

A
  • RNA instead of DNA.
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26
Q

What is it called when you synthesise DNA from RNA?

A
  • Reverse transcriptase.
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27
Q

What is needed for RNA polymerase 2 to be able to initiate transcription?

A
  • Additional proteins (transcription factors).
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28
Q

What are the two main types of transcription factor?

A
  • General TF: involved in transcription from all polymerase 2 promoters and therefore constitute part of the basic transcription machinery.
  • Additional TF: bind DNA sequences that control the expression of individual genes and are therefore responsible for regulating gene expression.
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29
Q

What are the five General TF required for initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase 2?

A
  • TFIID, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIE and TFIIH
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30
Q

What are the species of ribosomal RNA possessed by eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A
  • Eukaryotes: 28S, 18S, 5.8S and 5S.

- Prokaryotes: 23S, 16S and 5S.

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31
Q

All tRNAs have a specific sequence at their 3’ ends what is it and what is its function?

A
  • CCA and it is the site of amino acid attachment.
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32
Q

When does the termination of transcription occur?

A
  • The act of polyadenylation signals the termination of transcription.
33
Q

Where does termination of transcription take place?

A
  • Several hundred nucleotides downstream of the site of poly-A-addition.
34
Q

How does splicing occur?

A
  • pre-mRNA cleaved at 5’ splice site and the 5’ end of the intron is joined to an adenine nucleotide within the intron (near its 3’ end - intron forms a loop).
  • Cleavage at 3’ splice site and ligation of 2 exons.
  • Introns are linearised and degraded in nucleus.
35
Q

Where does splicing take place?

A
  • spliceosomes.
36
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A
  • Regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins.
37
Q

How/when are mRNAs degraded?

A
  • Initiated by shortening of poly A tail followed by removal of 5’ cap.
  • Degradation of RNA by nucleases then occurs from both ends.
38
Q

How are amino acids attached to tRNAs ?

A
  • This is mediated by a group of enzymes called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, each one recognises a single amino acid as well as the correct tRNA that should be attached.
39
Q

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. What are they composed of?

A
  • 2 distinct subunits each containing protein and RNA.
  • Small subunit: (40S) composed of the 18S rRNA and approx 30 proteins.
  • Large subunit: (60S) contains 28S, 5.8S, 5S rRNA and approx 45 proteins.
40
Q

How do ribosomes recognise mRNA ?

A
  • Bind to the 5’ cap, the ribosomes then scan downstream of the 5’ cap until they encounter an AUG initiation code.
41
Q

Translation has three steps what are they?

A
  • Initiation.
  • Elongation.
  • Termination.
42
Q

What happens at the three steps of translation?

A
  • Initiation: ribosomes bind mRNA at start codon.
  • Elongation: polypeptide chain elongates by successfully adding amino acids.
  • Termination: when a stop codon is encountered, polypeptide is released and ribosome dissociates.
43
Q

In the elongation section of translation the ribosome has three sites for tRNA binding what are they and what order are they filled?

A
  • P (peptidyl).
  • A (aminoacyl).
  • E (exit).

P-A-E

44
Q

How are tRNAs brought to the ribosome?

A
  • Elongation factor.
45
Q

How are DNA and mRNA sequences different?

A
  • Intronic sequences will be spliced out of pre-mRNA during RNA processing, the mRNA sequence will therefore be shorter than the genomic DNA sequence.
46
Q

What is the start codon?

A
  • ATG.
47
Q

What does ATG code for?

A
  • Methionine (start codon for translation).
48
Q

What is the difference between the sense strand and the sequence of mRNA?

A
  • The sequence of mRNA will be the same as the sense strand, except that all thymine bases in the DNA will be replaced by uracil.
49
Q

What is the difference between the initiation of DNA replication/synthesis and RNA synthesis (transcription)?

A
  • DNA replication requires an RNA primer.
  • Transcription relies on the binding of several transcription factors to start the process rather than a nucleotide primer.
50
Q

What does it mean by the genetic code is unambiguous?

A
  • Any given codon always specifies the same amino acid.
51
Q

During transcription in which direction is the RNA molecule synthesised?

A
  • 5’ to 3’.
52
Q

What does it mean by the genetic code is degenerate?

A
  • Some amino acids are specified by several codons.
53
Q

What are the three steps of processing pre-mRNA ?

A
  • Capping the 5’ end.
  • Polyadenylation of the 3’ end.
  • Splicing of exons.
54
Q

Once processing has taken place and pre-mRNA is now mature where is it moved to?

A
  • Cytoplasm.
55
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A
  • 20.
56
Q

How is information carried from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis?

A
  • By RNA.
57
Q

Is uracil a purine or a pyrimidine?

A
  • Pyrimidine.
58
Q

What is the genetic material in viruses?

A
  • RNA instead of DNA.
59
Q

What is it called when you synthesise DNA from RNA?

A
  • Reverse transcriptase.
60
Q

What is needed for RNA polymerase 2 to be able to initiate transcription?

A
  • Additional proteins (transcription factors).
61
Q

What are the two main types of transcription factor?

A
  • General TF: involved in transcription from all polymerase 2 promoters and therefore constitute part of the basic transcription machinery.
  • Additional TF: bind DNA sequences that control the expression of individual genes and are therefore responsible for regulating gene expression.
62
Q

What are the five General TF required for initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase 2?

A
  • TFIID, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIE and TFIIH.
63
Q

What are the species of ribosomal RNA possessed by eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A
  • Eukaryotes: 28S, 18S, 5.8S and 5S.

- Prokaryotes: 23S, 16S and 5S.

64
Q

All tRNAs have a specific sequence at their 3’ ends what is it and what is its function?

A

-CCA and it is the site of amino acid attachment.

65
Q

When does the termination of transcription occur?

A
  • The act of polyadenylation signals the termination of transcription.
66
Q

Where does termination of transcription take place?

A
  • Several hundred nucleotides downstream of the site of poly-A-addition.
67
Q

How does splicing occur?

A
  • pre-mRNA cleaved at 5’ splice site and the 5’ end of the intron is joined to an adenine nucleotide within the intron (near its 3’ end - intron forms a loop).
  • Cleavage at 3’ splice site and ligation of 2 exons.
  • Introns are linearised and degraded in nucleus.
68
Q

Where does splicing take place?

A
  • Splicosomes.
69
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A
  • Regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins.
70
Q

How/when are mRNAs degraded?

A
  • Initiated by shortening of poly A tail followed by removal of 5’ cap. Degradation of RNA by nucleases then occurs from both ends.
71
Q

How are amino acids attached to tRNAs ?

A
  • This is mediated by a group of enzymes called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, each one recognises a single amino acid as well as the correct tRNA that should be attached.
72
Q

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. What are they composed of?

A
  • 2 distinct subunits each containing protein and RNA.
  • Small subunit: (40S) composed of the 18S rRNA and approx 30 proteins.
  • Large subunit: (60S) contains 28S, 5.8S, 5S rRNA and approx 45 proteins.
73
Q

How do ribosomes recognise mRNA ?

A
  • Bind to the 5’ cap, the ribosomes then scan downstream of the 5’ cap until they encounter an AUG initiation code.
74
Q

Translation has three steps what are they?

A
  • Initiation.
  • Elongation.
  • Termination.
75
Q

What happens at the three steps of translation?

A
  • Initiation: ribosomes bind mRNA at start codon.
  • Elongation: polypeptide chain elongates by successfully adding amino acids.
  • Termination: when a stop codon is encountered, polypeptide is released and ribosome dissociates.
76
Q

In the elongation section of translation the ribosome has three sites for tRNA binding what are they and what order are they filled?

A
  • P (peptidyl).
  • A (aminoacyl).
  • E (exit).

P-A-E

77
Q

How are tRNAs brought to the ribosome?

A
  • Elongation factor.
78
Q

Where is DNA found?

A
  • in the nucleus.

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