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Introduction to Healthcare Science > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the male gonads and what do they produce?

A
  • Testis and they produce testosterone, and sperm.
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2
Q

What are the female gonads and what do they produce?

A
  • Ovaries and produce oestrogen and eggs.
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3
Q

What does the reproductive tract do?

A
  • Provides passage and supportive secretions for gametes - consists of ducts and glands.
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4
Q

What kind of function do the glands in the reproductive tract have?

A
  • Endocrine.
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5
Q

Can women function without functional gonads?

A
  • Yes: menopause, function of ovaries ceases - no longer producing sufficient hormones therefore reproductive function of women ceases.
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6
Q

What are the two major parts of gonads?

A
  • primordial germ cell (PGC), these cells produce gametes, gametes carry important information.
  • mesenchymal tissue, this firms a matrix around the gonads.
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7
Q

Which cells “nurse” and “foster” the primordial cell line and assist maturation and movement through reproductive tract?

A
  • In males: sertoli.

- In females: granulosa.

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8
Q

In males what is the PGC and what are the cells present in mesenchymal tissue?

A
  • PGC = spermatozoa and the cells present in mesenchymal tissue are: Sertoli cells (close to spermatozoa) and leydig cells (further removed).
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9
Q

In females what is the PGC and what are the cells present in mesenchymal tissue?

A
  • PGC = oocyte (egg) and the cells present in the mesenchymal tissue are theca cells (more peripheral) and granulosa (surrounding oocytes).
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10
Q

What kind off cell division takes place in primordial germ cell?

A
  • Meiosis.
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11
Q

When is the gender of offspring determined and when can it be seen?

A
  • At point of fertilisation and if you look at structure between 3 and 7 weeks following fertilisation cannot determine gender based on structure.
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12
Q

What are the names of the male and female genital ducts that develop on either side of gonads?

A
  • Male: wolffian.

- Female: mullerian.

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13
Q

When are the wolffian and Müllerian ducts fully developed?

A
  • Male: wolffian.
  • Female: mullerian.
  • Both developed fully within 18-20 weeks following fertilisation.
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14
Q

What is an important difference between male and female genitalia in fetus?

A
  • You do not require a positive hormonal influence to get female pattern of reproductive hormones.
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15
Q

For both sexes the steroid sex hormones (testosterone and oestrogen) are regulated by which hormones and where are these hormones produced?

A
  • LH = lutenising hormone.
  • FSH = follicle stimulating hormone.
  • both are produced in the anterior pituitary.
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16
Q

What do LH and FSH do?

A
  • Act by activating cell membrane receptors.
  • LH stimulates leydig (male) and theca (female) cells to lead to production of steroid based hormones.
  • LH activates an enzyme known as 20,22 desmolase enzyme.
  • FSH activates ovarian granulosa cells and testicular cells to increase activity of aromatase enzyme. It converts testosterone -> oestrogen.
17
Q

Anterior pituitary gonadotropins are regulated by what?

A
  • Hypothalamus.
18
Q

What regulates gonadotrophin hormones?

A

GnRH - gonadotrophin hormone releasing hormone - decapeptide which is released phasically by neurones

19
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

Testis - oval, about 4-5cm long and are suspended external to individual in scrotal sac, this sac is made up of cremaster muscle - has ability to contract when temp cold and relax when temp high

20
Q

Why are testis external?

A

Sperm tissue is unable to develop at body temp, spermatogensis most efficient at 2-3 degrees lower than body temp

21
Q

Where is sperm produced and stored?

A

Spermatozoa is produced in testis, stored in epididymis and delivered by penis

22
Q

What are the ducts of the testis called?

A

Seminiferous vesicles/tubules

23
Q

Which cells are inside and which are outside the seminiferous tubule?

A

Inside - sertoli and sperm

Outside - leydig

24
Q

Function of vas deferens?

A

Connects testis to rest of the body, joins the urethra and prostate glands and then to a set of other organs referred to as seminal vesicles

25
Q

How can sterility arise?

A

Either by abnormal sperm or low sperm found (

26
Q

What are the three components of sperm?

A
  • head: contains 23 chromosomes and enzymes in acrosomal cap, aids penetration of ovum
  • mid piece: contains mitochondrial sheath to power cell movement
  • tail: flagellations provide motive force (44mm/min in vagina - 2 days survival time)
27
Q

What do the gonads do?

A

They produce gametes and provide sex hormones

28
Q

How many sperm are produced daily by cell division?

A

Estimated 100-200 million within seminiferous tubules

29
Q

Function of Fallopian tube (oviduct)

A

To collect released ova which then moves from ovary down the Fallopian tube into next structure known as the uterus (Fallopian tube is site of fertilisation)

30
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Thick walled hollow structure consisting of the endometrium and myometrium (under endometrium these are smooth muscle cells) . Responsible for maintain developing fetus during pregnancy

31
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Process whereby primary oocytes (primordial germ cell - oogonia) are converted into the mature ovum with associated replication of genetic material

32
Q

What happens during process of ovulation?

A

Graffian follicle migrates to surface of ovary and ruptures to release secondary oocyte into Fallopian tube under the influence of LH - this has 23 chromo ready to meet with sperm in Fallopian tube and fertilisation to occur

33
Q

What is menstrual cycle?

A

Governed by ovaries. Cycle in terms of the level of hormones within the body of a woman. Lasts 24-32 days and involves changes in hormones, the ovary and womb. About 14 days into cycle - ovulation occurs

Introduction to Healthcare Science (23 decks)

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