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Introduction to Healthcare Science > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

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1
Q

How much blood does an average adult have?

A
  • Females = 4-5 L.
  • Males = 5-6 L.
  • 8% of adult weight.
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2
Q

Loss of how much blood is life threatening? And what may be some causes of blood loss?

A 
- Loss of 1L is life threatening.
Some causes:
- rapid/chronic loss.
- decreased production.
- increased destruction.
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3
Q

What is blood composed of?

A
  • 55% plasma.

- 45% blood cells (these are split into white blood cells, platelets and red blood cells).

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4
Q

What is the blood plasma composed of?

A
  • Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. It helps maintain pH at 7.3-7.4.
  • Comprised of water 92%, protein 7% and other solutes (such as waste products/respiration gases) 1%.
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5
Q

What are the white cells and platelets in blood?

A
  • Platelets: fragments of cells involved in clotting.

- White cells: leukocytes (made up of neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and eosinophils).

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6
Q

What are the red cells in blood?

A
  • There is 1 white cell for every 1-2 thousand red cells so lots.
  • They make up the biggest proportion of blood after plasma.
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7
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • transport: nutrients such as CO2, O2 and waste.
  • regulates: water, temp, pH.
  • communication: hormones.
  • protects: antibodies, defensive cells/clots.
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8
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A
  • Formation of blood.
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9
Q

Where are the mature and immature elements of blood found?

A
  • Mature: circulate.

- Immature: remain in bone marrow.

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10
Q

How many new blood cells are produced daily?

A

10(11) - 10(12).

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11
Q

Where do blood cells originate from?

A
  • Haeomatopoetic stem cells (these cells are self renewing).
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12
Q

What do we say about cells at the top of the differentiation tree? (I.e. The photo which starts with haeomatopoetic stem cell at top).

A
  • Immature but huge potential for division.
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13
Q

What do we say about cells at the bottom of the differentiation tree? (I.e. The photo which starts with haeomatopoetic stem cell at top).

A
  • Mature but can’t divide.
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14
Q

Where is the site of haematopoesis?

A
  • first few months gestation: yolk sac.
  • liver and spleen take over until 7 months.
  • at 7 months bone marrow key in blood cell formation.
  • during childhood and adulthood bone marrow only source of new blood cells in healthy individuals.
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15
Q

Where does medullary haematopoesis take place?

A
  • In bone marrow.
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16
Q

Where does extramedullary haematopoesis take place?

A
  • Outside bone marrow in liver and spleen.
  • This only seems to happen when haeomatopoetic health is compromised.
  • Memory and ability from when younger.
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17
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries.
  • Capillaries.
  • Veins.
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18
Q

What do arteries do?

A
  • Tend to carry blood away from the heart.
  • They have thick walls and narrow lumen.
  • They work under high pressure and have a steady flow of blood.
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19
Q

What is the function of veins?

A
  • They carry blood back to the heart.
  • They have valves present to stop backflow.
  • They therefore have a pulse flow.
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20
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A
  • Connect arteries to veins.
  • They are one cell thick allowing material to pass through.
  • Smallest of the blood vessels.
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21
Q

What is the largest filter of blood?

A
  • The spleen: it has an important role in red cell integrity and also has immune roles.
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22
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A
  • Filter blood, remove waste and extra water.
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23
Q

What does the liver do?

A
  • Produces many proteins found in blood including clotting factors.
  • It regulates levels of fats/amino acids/glucose and cleans blood of particles.
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24
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A
  • Circulates lymph around tissues which carries nutrients and removes waste.
  • This plays a vital role in immune system.
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25
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A
  • A mature red blood cell.
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26
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A
  • Immature blood cell.
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27
Q

How many reticulocytes are found in blood?

A
  • 1% in adults.

- 3-6% neonates.

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28
Q

How can a reticulocyte count be carried out?

A
  • They are identified by using a stain to identify ribosomal RNA.
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29
Q

Do RBCs have a nucleus?

A
  • No, neither immature nor mature RBCs have one.
30
Q

When will reticulocyte count increase?

A
  • When erythropoiesis (production of RBCs) increases e.g. When someone heavily bleeding.
31
Q

What do mature RBCs look like?

A
  • These are known as erythrocytes.
  • They are smaller than reticulocytes.
  • They are found in circulating blood.
  • Flexible bi-concave discs - no nucleus/organelles, uniform in size and shape.
  • 8uM in diameter.
32
Q

What do mature RBCs do?

A
  • Transfer CO2 and O2.
33
Q

What is lifespan of mature RBCs?

A
  • 120 days in circulation.

- The spleen removes RBCs, about 1% broken down each day.

34
Q

How much of a RBCs is filled with haemoglobin?

A

1/3.

35
Q

What is the normal range of mature RBCs in adults?

A
  • Male: 4.5-6.5 x 10(12)/L.

- Female: 3.9-5.6 x 10(12)/L.

36
Q

What is the main function of RBCs?

A
  • To carry O2 to tissues and return CO2 from tissues to lungs.
37
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A
  • It’s a tetrameric protein.
  • Contains two alpha and two beta globin chains and each has its own haem molecule.
  • Each haemoglobin molecule can carry up to four oxygen molecules.
38
Q

Which hormone regulates erythropoiesis and where is it produced?

A
  • Erythropoietin and its produced in kidney.
39
Q

What is the stimulant to release erythropoietin in the tissues of the kidney?

A
  • Low oxygen tension in these tissues.
40
Q

What are platelets?

A
  • Also known as thrombocytes.
  • Megakaryocytes are platelet forming cells. They produce about 1000-5000 platelets each. Platelets contain granules.
  • Life span can be a few days to a lifetime.
  • They are 10-15x bigger than RBCs.
  • They are the largest cells in bone marrow.
  • They are involved in clotting. Once in blood they last about 7-10 days. - Normal range is 150-400x10(9)/L.
41
Q

What are white blood cells?

A
  • Also known as leukocytes.
  • Nucleated large cells.
  • Involved in defence and immunity. In health individual 4-11x10(9)/L.
  • Composed of phagocytes (granulocytes such as neutrophils) and immunocytes (lymphocytes).
  • Only mature cells found in blood, immature types are found in bone marrow and lymph nodes.
42
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A
  • 60-70% of leukocyte pop.
  • Polymorphous nucleus (2-5 lobes).
  • ## Phagocytose bacteria.
43
Q

What is an eosinophil?

A
  • 0.5-3% of leukocyte pop.
  • Polymorphous nucleus (2 lobes).
  • Bright red granules.
  • ## Release toxins to defend against parasites.
44
Q

What is a basophil?

A
  • Rare in blood.
  • 0.01-0.3% leukocyte pop.
  • Polymorphous nucleus (2 lobes) -can’t see once stained.
  • Involved in inflammatory reactions.
  • Produce heparin to prevent clotting.
  • Important in parasite infections.
  • Few h - few days life span.
45
Q

What is a monocyte?

A
  • 3-8% of leukocyte pop.
  • Nucleus: kidney shaped.
  • Can develop into macrophages or dendritic cells.
  • Respond to inflammation signals.
  • Life span 1-5 days.
46
Q

What are the two primary organs where lymphocytes develop?

A
  • Bone marrow and thymus.
47
Q

Where do lymphocytes develop from?

A
  • Haeomatopoetic stem cells which produce lymphoid stem cell.
48
Q

Where are B cells and NK cells produced?

A
  • In bone marrow.
49
Q

What are the roles of B cells and NK cells?

A
  • B cells: antibody mediated immunity.

- NK cells: immunological surveillance.

50
Q

What is blood?

A
  • Multifactorial tissue. Considered a form of fluid connective tissue (due to same embryonic origin as other connective tissues i.e. Mesodermal).
  • Connects body systems together (CO2, nutrients, waste disposal).
51
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A
  • Thymus.
52
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A
  • Make up 20-30% of leukocyte population.
  • Round nucleus.
  • Consist of b, t and NK cells.
  • B: form antibodies.
  • T: prepare foreign proteins for phagocytosis.
  • NK: destroy infected cells and tumour cells.
  • Life span few days - life time.
53
Q

What can blood be used to detect?

A
  • Used to detect haematology diseases.
  • Haematological changes in other diseases.
  • Monitor side effects of treatment e.g. Chemo, anti inflammatory and psychotic drug treatments.
54
Q

If you have a high or low leukocyte count what can this mean?

A
  • High: infection, inflammation, leukaemia.

- Low: medications, severe infection, autoimmune disease, BM failure.

55
Q

What is average white cell count in normal indiv

A

4-11x10(9).

56
Q

Why would red cell count be increased or decreased?

A
  • Increased: maybe because dehydration.

- Decreased: someone with anaemia.

57
Q

What does full blood count include?

A
  • WCC.
  • RBC count.
  • Hb count.
  • Platelet count.
58
Q

Normal ranges for Hb ?

A
  • Male: 13.5-17.5g/dl.
  • Female: 11.5-15.5g/dl.
  • Decrease indicates anaemia.
59
Q

What is normal platelet count

A
  • 150-400x10(9).
  • Increase could be because myeloproliferative disorder affecting bone marrow, inflammation or infection.
  • Decrease could be thrombocytopenia or leukaemia.
60
Q

Which blood components can be transfused?

A
  • RBCs - anaemic patients/bleeding patients.
  • fresh frozen plasma - replace clotting factor.
  • platelets - patients with low/dysfunctional platelets to prevent haemorrhage.
  • white cells - rare. Usually given growth factor to stimulate production of own.
61
Q

When blood transfused why is it usually leukodepleted?

A
  • To protect the recipient as this will reduce the risk of some infections and transfusion reactions.
62
Q

Where is ABO gene found?

A
  • It’s an autosomal gene found on chromosome 9.

- A + B are dominant over O and A + B are co-dominant.

63
Q

Which antibodies do people with blood groups A, B, AB and O produce?

A
  • A produce anti B antibodies.
  • B produce anti A antibodies.
  • AB produce neither anti A or anti B antibodies.
  • O produce both anti A and anti B antibodies.
64
Q

Which blood type is the universal recipient and which is the universal donor?

A
  • Universal donor: O.

- Universal recipient: AB.

65
Q

What is blood?

A
  • it’s a multifunctional tissue.
  • it’s considered a form of fluid connective tissue as has the same embryonic origin as other connective tissues (mesodermal).
  • it connects the body systems together (O2, nutrients, waste disposal etc.).
66
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A
  • process which produces red blood cells.
67
Q

How do platelets stop bleeding?

A
  • at site of injury there will be damage and bleeding.
  • vasoconstriction occurs.
  • platelet adhesion and aggregate and form a plug.
  • this activates a clotting cascade.
  • regeneration of fibrin strands form a mesh amount platelets.
68
Q

What is bone marrow?

A
  • it’s a flexible tissue in the anterior of bones.
  • in humans red blood cells are produced by cores of bone marrow in the heads of long bones in a process known as haematopoesis.
  • bone marrow is also a key component of the lymphatic system, producing the lymphocytes that support the bodies immune system.
69
Q

What is the thymus?

A
  • primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.
  • with the thymus t lymphocytes (t-cells) mature.
  • located in front of the heart and behind the sternum.
  • composed of two identical lobes.
  • thymus provides an inductive environment for development of T cells from hematopoetic progenitor cells.
  • largest and most active during neonatal and pre-adolescent periods.
70
Q

What is the normal RBC count?

A
  • males: 4.5-6.5x10(12)/L.

- females: 3.9-5.6x10 (12)/L.

Introduction to Healthcare Science (23 decks)

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