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PEDS 103 > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity

A

Bosdy’s ability to protect itself from
itself (abnormal growth/death of cells)
Bacteria, viruses and disease-causing entities

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2
Q

What are the key feature so the immune system that allows this identification?

A

Specificity and memory

  • self vs non self
  • targeted response to specific invaders
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3
Q

What are the three main function?

A 
1) recognize and remove abnormal cells
Growth and development go wrong
2) Remove dead and damaged cells
Digest dead/dying cells
3) Protect from disease causing invaders
Protect from pathogens
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4
Q

What happens when things go wrong?

A 
1) Incorrect immune response
Cannot distinguish self from non self
Autoimmune disease
2) Overactive
Response is out of proportion (allergies)
3)Lack of response
Some components fail to function
Immunodeficiency disease
-Primary (inherited genetic disorder)
-Acquired (result of infection(AIDS) or drug side effect)
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5
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease-causing invaders
Microorganisms such as:
-Bacteria, viruses, fungi, 1 celled organisms
-larger pathogens such as pararsites
-any exogenous molecule that can initiate immune response

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6
Q

what are the most common pathogens?

A

Bacteria and viruses

parasites

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7
Q

What is the difference between bacteria and viruses?

A 
Different immune response
Common Bacteria (non-self)
Staph, strep, E.coli, listeria, salmonella
Common Virus (take over cell)
Cold, flu, chickenpox, HPV, HIV
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8
Q

Bacteria

A

Cells. surrounded by cell wall
Can survive without host
Killed by antibiotics

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9
Q

Viruses

A

Not cells. Nucleic acid core with protein coat
Parasitic. Require host
Cannot be killed with antibiotics

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10
Q

What are the two anatomical components of the immune system?

A 
Lymphoid tissue
-primary: thymus and bone marrow
-secondary: spleen(monitors blood) and lymph (encapsulated), Tonsils and GALT (unencapsulated and diffuse)
Immune Cells
- White blood cells/leukocytes
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11
Q

What are some examples of immune cell function and morphology?

A

Granulocytes (granules in the cytoplasm)
-Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Phagocytes (ingest target cells)
-Eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes
Cytotoxic cells (kill target)
-Eosinphils, and some lymphocytes
Antigen presenting cells (APC) (present fragments of foreign proteins)
-Macrophages, monocytes, B lymphocytes, dentritic cells

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12
Q

What are the body’s 2 lines of defense

A

1) Barriers - Physical (skin and mucous)
- Chemical (stomach acid)
2) Immune Reponse

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13
Q

What are the four basic steps of immune response?

A

1) detect and identify
2) Communicate with other immune cells
3) Recruit assistance and coordinated response
4) Destroy/suppress the invaders

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14
Q

What is innate immunity and what is acquired immunity?

A

Innate immunity
-Second line of defense
-Non-specific (inflammation)
Acquired (adaptive) Immunity
-Specific immune response
- Cell mediated: immune cell binds to target
- Humoral mediated: antibodies are secreted and bind to target

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15
Q

What happens in the Innate Immune response?

A

Leukocytes recognize unique features of pathogens
-Pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)
Phagocytes are attracted by chemical/ signals (chemotaxin)
Leukocytes secrete cytokines to attract additional leukocytes
a) pathogens bind to phagocytes
b) Bacteria must be coated in antibody for recognition and ingestion
c)Antigen-presenting macrophages display fragments

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16
Q

What are Natural Killers(NK)?

A

Recognize virus infected cells and induce apoptosis
Can attack tumor cells
Secrete antiviral cytokines (interferons) that interfere replication

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17
Q

What are three important roles of the inflammatory response when fighting infection?

A

1) attract immune cells
2) Create physical barrier
3) promote tissue repair

18
Q

When is the inflammatory response initiated?

A

When the macrophages release cytokines:

  • attract other immune cells
  • increase capillary permeability
  • cause a fever
19
Q

What are chemicals of the innate immune response?

A

Acute phase proteins act as opsonin that coat pathogens and enhance inflammatory response (C-reactive protein)
Histamine acts as:
- Vasodilator
- Brochoconstrictor
Interleukins
- Leukocyte secrete cytokines to activate leukocytes
Bradykinin
- Stimuates pain and vasodilator
Complement proteins
- Act as opsonin, chemotaxins and membrane attack complex

20
Q

What do complement proteins do?

A

Insert themselves into membrane of pathogen to create pores

H2O and ions enter pores of attack complex (cause apoptosis)

21
Q

What happens in the innate immune response?

A

Recognize pathogen and react specfically
Mediated by lymphocytes
Overlaps the innate immune response (lymphocytes are attracted by cytokines)

22
Q

What are the two categories acquired immune system?

A

Active immunity
-exposed to pathogens and creates own antibodies
-occurs naturally during invasion or artificially through vaccine
Passive Immunity
-Antibodies made by another person or animal

23
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Primary cell in acquired immunity
Has a membrane receptor for a specific ligand
Clones identical receptors to respond to specific pathogen

24
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

when the lymphocytes are exposed to antigens which activates clones and stimulates division

25
Q

Newly formed lymphocytes divide into to what?

A

Effector cells - immediate response (Short lived)

Memory cells - long lived, quicker and more rapid response to subsequent exposure

26
Q

What is a clone?

A

Lymphocytes that are specific to one antigen

27
Q

What are B lymphocytes?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Humoral immunity defend against extracellular pathogens
  • Mature B cells insert antibodies into cell membranes
  • During clone response some effector cells differentiate into plasma cells
28
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Found in blood

Make antigens visible

29
Q

What are the five classes of antigens?

A 
5 Classes
IgG (75%) Blood
IgA external secretion
IgE found in the gut
IgD have a different response
IgM bind to encapsulated pathogen
30
Q

What are antigens composed of?

A 
2 identical light chain - Fab region (specific to antigen)
2 identical heavy chains - Fc region (determines class of Ig)
31
Q

What is the antibody function?

A

1) activate B lymphocytes
2) act as opsonins to tag antigens
3) Cause antigen dumping
4) Activate antibody dependent cellular activity
5) Activate complement
6) Trigger mast cell degranulation

32
Q

What are vaccinations?

A

Contain pathogens that are not harmful but are recognized as foreign
Initiates formation of memory cells
Induces stronger response upon actual infection

33
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A 
Develop in thymus gland
Cell mediated immunity
Defends against intracellular pathogens
Insert into membrane
Display foreign antigen as part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
34
Q

What are the subtypes of of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells Induce apoptosis
Helper T cells secrete cytokines
Natural Killer (NK) Cells -similar to T cells

35
Q

What is the major histocompatibility complex?

A

Major cause of rejecting an organ transplant
Proteins encoded by specific genes
Combine with antigen fragments and is inserted into cell membrane

36
Q

What is MHC class 1?

A

Found on all nucleated cells of the body

Recognized cytotoxic T cells

37
Q

What is MHC class 2?

A

Found on antigen-presenting cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes and dendritic cells
Recognize helper T cells

38
Q

How are T lymphocytes developed?

A

During embryonic development, T cells insert into cell membrane
When T cells bind to antigen-presented on MHC receptors
1)cells bind to t lymphocytes
2)signal transduction activates t lymphocytes

39
Q

Neuro-endocrine immune interactions

What can neuropeptides and hormones do?

A

alter the function of the immune system

Cytokines from the immune system can affect neuroendocrine function

40
Q

What is stress

A

Non specific stimuli that disturbs homeostasis and elicits stress response

41
Q

What are two classic stress responses?

A

Fight or flight (rapid reaction to acute stress)

Stimulation of the adrenal glands - increase cortisol (chronic or repetitive)

PEDS 103 (8 decks)

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