Reproductive System Flashcards
What are the similarities of men and women reproductive system?
Both have gonads the produce
- Hormones that regulate reproduction
- Gametes
What are the differences of men and women reproductive system?
Gonads
Female-ovaries
Male-testes
Gametes
Female-egg(ova) non motile and largest cell in body
Male-sperm(spermatozoa) highly motile and small
Differences in gamete production
Female
- Born with all eggs
- Eggs mature in cyclic pattern and are released once/month
- Cycle stops after 40 yrs
Male
- sperm is produced continuously after puberty
- decreases with age but does not stop
What is gametogenesis?
Germ cell duplicate through mitosis (diploid cell). then through meiosis (haploid cell).
What is mitosis?
Germ cell proliferation (gamete number increase)
46 chromosomes/cell
What is meiosis?
DNA replicates but not division
1 meiotic division (primary divides into secondary)
2 meiotic division (secondary divides into 23 chromosomes)
How does the brain regulate reproduction?
Secretes hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Controls the release of steroid sex hormones
What are key hormones of reproduction?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Luteinizing Hormon (LH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Estrogen Progestins Testosterone
What happens when the is: Low estrogen/androgen Moderate estrogen/androgen High androgen Sustained high estrogen
Absence of negative feed back GnRH increase
Negative feed back GnRH decrease
Negative feedback GnRH decrease
Positive feedback GnRH increase (ovulation)
What are factors influencing reproduction
enviromental factors such as stress Nutrition (low cal) Change in day-night cycle Melatonin environmental exposure to estrogen
What is the female athlete triad (causes)?
Poor nutrition (eating disorders) Menstrual dysfunction (physical stress, poor nutrition, low body fat) Osteoporosis (halt in menstrual cycle interferes with the body's ability to build bone)
Male Reproduction Anatomy
Testes - sperm and hormones are produced
Internal genitalia - prostate gland, cowper’s gland, semimal vesicle, ducts
External genitalia - penis and scrotum
Urethra -common path for sperm and urine
What is in the seminiferous tubule?
Sertoli cells-provide nourishment
-androgen-binding protein (keeps testosterone where it need to be)
Leydig cell - secrete testosterone
Speratogonium
What is involved in sperm production?
Luminal fluid is high in potassium and steroid hormones
Sertoli cells secrete proteins to support sperm production
Tight junction between sertoli cells
Leydig cells secrete testoterone
What are primary sex characteristics
What are secondary sex characteristics?
Genitalia formation
Voice
Hair
Muscle
Female Reproductive Anatomy
Cervix -neck of uterus
Uterus - Myometrium (middle muscle layer)
- Endometrium (inner layer)
Fallopian Tubes - Cilia (creates movement) muscular contraction to transport egg
Ovaries - Egg, estrogen and progesterone production
- Stroma, granulosa cells, theca
What are the stages of follicular development?
Primary follicle Secondary follicle Oocyte/mature follicle Ruptured follicle/ ovulated oocyte Corpus luteum Regressing corpus luteum
What happens during the period of follicular growth?
Corpus luteum secretes hormones to prepare for pregnancy
Hormones increase endometrium to prepare for pregnancy
New layer added to endometrium
What are Granulosa cells
within the cell wall of the follicle
produce estrogen
anti-mullerian hormone (stop more eggs when pregnant)
Secrete fluid into antrum of follicle
antrum contains hormones and enzymes for ovulation
What are thecal cells?
Produce androgen (support maturation)
What happens in late follicular phase?
One dominant follicle continues
Estrogen peaks near the end which increases LH
LH helps with final maturation
Ovulation occurs 16-24 hours after peak
What happens in early to mid luteal phase/
Corpus luteum increases estrogen/progesterone
Negative feedback to hypothalamus
increase progesterone is responsible for secretory phase of uterine cycle
increase progesterone increase body temp
What happens in late luteal phase?
If pregnancy does not occur: corpus luteum dies Progesterone/estrogen drop increases GnRh, FSH, LH End of secretory phase Endometrium dies next cycle begins
