Reproductive System

Question 1

What are the similarities of men and women reproductive system?

Answer 1

Both have gonads the produce

• Hormones that regulate reproduction
• Gametes

Question 2

What are the differences of men and women reproductive system?

Answer 2

Gonads
Female-ovaries
Male-testes

Gametes
Female-egg(ova) non motile and largest cell in body
Male-sperm(spermatozoa) highly motile and small

Question 3

Differences in gamete production

Answer 3

Female

• Born with all eggs
• Eggs mature in cyclic pattern and are released once/month
• Cycle stops after 40 yrs

Male

• sperm is produced continuously after puberty
• decreases with age but does not stop

Question 4

What is gametogenesis?

Answer 4

Germ cell duplicate through mitosis (diploid cell). then through meiosis (haploid cell).

Question 5

What is mitosis?

Answer 5

Germ cell proliferation (gamete number increase)

46 chromosomes/cell

Question 6

What is meiosis?

Answer 6

DNA replicates but not division
1 meiotic division (primary divides into secondary)
2 meiotic division (secondary divides into 23 chromosomes)

Question 7

How does the brain regulate reproduction?

Answer 7

Secretes hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Controls the release of steroid sex hormones

Question 8

What are key hormones of reproduction?

Answer 8

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Luteinizing Hormon (LH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Estrogen
Progestins
Testosterone

Question 9

What happens when the is:
Low estrogen/androgen
Moderate estrogen/androgen
High androgen
Sustained high estrogen

Answer 9

Absence of negative feed back GnRH increase
Negative feed back GnRH decrease
Negative feedback GnRH decrease
Positive feedback GnRH increase (ovulation)

Question 10

What are factors influencing reproduction

Answer 10

enviromental factors such as
stress
Nutrition (low cal)
Change in day-night cycle
Melatonin
environmental exposure to estrogen

Question 11

What is the female athlete triad (causes)?

Answer 11

Poor nutrition (eating disorders)
Menstrual dysfunction (physical stress, poor nutrition, low body fat)
Osteoporosis (halt in menstrual cycle interferes with the body's ability to build bone)

Question 12

Male Reproduction Anatomy

Answer 12

Testes - sperm and hormones are produced
Internal genitalia - prostate gland, cowper’s gland, semimal vesicle, ducts
External genitalia - penis and scrotum
Urethra -common path for sperm and urine

Question 13

What is in the seminiferous tubule?

Answer 13

Sertoli cells-provide nourishment
-androgen-binding protein (keeps testosterone where it need to be)
Leydig cell - secrete testosterone
Speratogonium

Question 14

What is involved in sperm production?

Answer 14

Luminal fluid is high in potassium and steroid hormones
Sertoli cells secrete proteins to support sperm production
Tight junction between sertoli cells
Leydig cells secrete testoterone

Question 15

What are primary sex characteristics

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 15

Genitalia formation
Voice
Hair
Muscle

Question 16

Female Reproductive Anatomy

Answer 16

Cervix -neck of uterus
Uterus - Myometrium (middle muscle layer)
- Endometrium (inner layer)
Fallopian Tubes - Cilia (creates movement) muscular contraction to transport egg
Ovaries - Egg, estrogen and progesterone production
- Stroma, granulosa cells, theca

Question 17

What are the stages of follicular development?

Answer 17

Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Oocyte/mature follicle
Ruptured follicle/ ovulated oocyte
Corpus luteum
Regressing corpus luteum

Question 18

What happens during the period of follicular growth?

Answer 18

Corpus luteum secretes hormones to prepare for pregnancy
Hormones increase endometrium to prepare for pregnancy
New layer added to endometrium

Question 19

What are Granulosa cells

Answer 19

within the cell wall of the follicle
produce estrogen
anti-mullerian hormone (stop more eggs when pregnant)
Secrete fluid into antrum of follicle
antrum contains hormones and enzymes for ovulation

Question 20

What are thecal cells?

Answer 20

Produce androgen (support maturation)

Question 21

What happens in late follicular phase?

Answer 21

One dominant follicle continues
Estrogen peaks near the end which increases LH
LH helps with final maturation
Ovulation occurs 16-24 hours after peak

Question 22

What happens in early to mid luteal phase/

Answer 22

Corpus luteum increases estrogen/progesterone
Negative feedback to hypothalamus
increase progesterone is responsible for secretory phase of uterine cycle
increase progesterone increase body temp

Question 23

What happens in late luteal phase?

Answer 23

If pregnancy does not occur:
corpus luteum dies
Progesterone/estrogen drop
increases GnRh, FSH, LH
End of secretory phase
Endometrium dies
next cycle begins