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A&P 2 Lecture > *The Immune System > Flashcards

*The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

*Functions of the Lymphatic System

A
  • Transport excess tissue (interstitial) fluid to the blood stream
  • Transport dietary fat
  • Help defend the body against disease-causing agents
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2
Q

*How are lymphatic vessels similar to veins?

A

Have walls similar to veins & possess valves that prevent backflow of lymph.

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3
Q

*What is edema?

A
  • Excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in tissue spaces
  • Obstruction to lymph flow
    • Infected lymph node
    • Blocked lymphatic vessel
  • Increased capillary blood pressure
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4
Q

*Functions of Thymus

A
  • Immature T lymphocytes (T cells) migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus via the blood
  • Site of Maturation of T Cells
  • The epithelial cells secrete a hormone called Thymosin, which stimulates the maturation of T cells after they leave the thymus & migrate to other tissues.
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5
Q

*Functions of the Spleen

A
  • Removal & destruction of foreign particles & worn blood cells from blood.
  • Macrophages remove & destroy bacteria & damagedor worn RBCs & platelets through phagocytosis
  • Stores & releases blood during hemorrhage
  • In immunity as a site of B cell proliferation into plasma cells
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6
Q

*Total Peripheral Resistance

A

The total resistance of the flow of blood through the entire cardiovascular system.

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7
Q

What is the relationship between vessel length and TPR?

A

The longer the vessel the greater the resistance.

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8
Q

What is the relationship between vessel diameter & TPR?

A

The smaller the vessel, the more resistance.

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9
Q

Which has a greater impact on blood flow? Vessel diameter or length? Why?

A

Diameter, it causes more friction.

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10
Q

What effect does viscosity have on blood flow?

A
  • The greater the viscosity, the greater the resistance.
  • Dehydration causes the blood to become more viscus.
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11
Q

What effect does turbulence have on blood flow?

A
  • The greater the turbuence, the greater the resistance.
  • Plaque build up is turbulence
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12
Q

What is Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure?

A
  • Pressure for nutrients to leave capillaries to go into tissues
  • Opposite is BCOP (pressure of tissues)
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13
Q

What is filtration?

A
  • When only certain items are allowed to pass through capillaries.
  • Not large proteins
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14
Q
  1. At which region of the capillary does filtration typically occur?
  2. Where does reabsorption occur?
  3. What is the relationship between CHP & BCOP at these regions of the capillaries?
A
  1. Filtration occurs at the Arteriole side
  2. Reabsorption at the Venule side
  3. CHP is filtration, and is higher then; BCOP is reabsorption, and is higher then
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15
Q

What is the difference between central regulation & autoregulation?

Describe some general methods for raising blood pressure when needed.

A
  • Central Regulation: Brain & spinal cord regulate blood flow (Larger vessels, Heart Rate)
  • Autoregulation:Organ regulates blood flow by its self
  • Raising BP: Make capillaries smaller
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16
Q

What are baroreceptors? Where are they found?

A
  • Pressure Receptors (Monitor BP)
  • Found in Aorta & Corotiod Arteries
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17
Q

What events are triggered when baroreceptor detects high BP?

A

Heart Rate goes down

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18
Q

What events are triggered when baroreceptor detects low BP?

A

Heart Rate goes up

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19
Q

What are chemoreceptors? Where are they found?

A
  • Monitor Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, & pH
  • Found in Lungs
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20
Q

How does the body handle rising CO2 levels?

A

Increase in heart rate & bp

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21
Q

How are lymph vessels arranged? What is the arrangement in order from smallest to largest?

A
  • Lymph capillaries
  • Afferent vessels
  • Efferent vessels
  • Lymph Trunks
  • Collecting Ducts
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22
Q

Where does the lymph flow back into the bloodstream?

A

Subclavian Veins

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23
Q

5 Types of WBCs

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
24
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Phagocytic
  • First Responders
25
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • 2 types:
    • T: use cytotoxins
    • B: use antibodies
26
Q

Monocytes

A

Macrophages

27
Q

Eosinophil

A
  • Allergies
  • Parasites
  • Eukaryotic pathogens
28
Q

Basophil

A
  • Inflammation & Allergies
29
Q

What is the role of lymph nodes?

A

Hold lymphocytes & filter lymph

30
Q

What is the flow of lymph through a lymph node?

A
  1. Arrive through Afferent Vessels
  2. Convex Side
  3. Concave Side
  4. Exit through Efferent Vessels
31
Q
  1. What is the physical barries against infection (the first line of defense)? Be specific.
  2. What about skin allows it to be a barrier?
  3. What about oil and sweat allows it to be a defense mechanism?
A
  1. Skin, keratin
  2. Sweat is acidic
  3. Oil makes it difficult for bacteria to hold on to skin
32
Q

What WBCs play a role in nonspecific defenses?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Monocytes
33
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

WBCs release chemicals into blood stream at sight of infection to attrack more WBCs.

34
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

WBC movement through blood vessels to tissues

35
Q

How do phagocytes destroy bacteria or other foreign microbes?

A

They eat them (form psuedopods and lysosomes breakdown bacteria)

36
Q

What is the role of interferons? How do they work? Where do they come from?

A
  • Interfere with viral mechanisms
  • Come from infected cells
37
Q

What is the role of the complement proteins? Know at least 3 mechanisms they use for disabling or destroying foreign microbes?

A
  • 26 of them.
  • Group of proteins that work together to fight infection.
  1. Perferens poke holes in foreign cells
  2. Antibodies neutralize foreign cells
  3. Coat bacteria to neutralize them (Opsonisation)
38
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Swelling of a tissue (-itis)

39
Q

What specific type of cell is responsible for triggering the inflammatory response?

A

Mast Cells (Basophils)

40
Q

What are the benefits to inflammation? In other words, how does it help you fight infection and allow the body to heal?

A
  • Keeps infection from spreading
  • Warm to interfere with function
  • Easier for WBCs to come to it
41
Q

Why make inflammation painful?

A

So that you will leave it alone.

42
Q

What is the role of fever? What causes fever?

A
  • Raises body’s temp. to help combat infection & raises heart rate
  • Pyrogens
43
Q

What is the advantage of specific immunity over nonspecific defenses?

A

Specific goes after a specific antigen which makes them more productive.

44
Q

What is th difference between innate and acquired immunity?

A
  • Innate
    • Born with it (comes from Mom)
  • Acquired
    • By introduction to an antigen
45
Q

What is the difference between active & passive acquired immunity?

A
  • Active
    • Produce antibodies & differitiate T cells
  • Passive
    • Given to you (From Mom)
46
Q

What is the difference between cell mediated & antibody mediated (humoral) immunity?

A
  • Cell Mediated
    • Use T cells
  • Antibody Mediated
    • B cells use antibodies to contain & neutralize
47
Q

Describe the role of MHC proteins. What is the difference between MHC I & MHC II?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex: ID markers

  • MHC I
    • Self (Virus CAN alter)
  • MHC II
    • Viruses
    • Pathogens
    • Antigens
48
Q

Detail what happens to cause a cytotoxic T cell to become active. More specifically, describe what activates it, what it does once it is activated & how it eliminates infected cells.

A
  • T cell encounters an infected cell
  • Binds to the infected cell to check its MHC marker and to see if the cell is releasing chemicals that tells that it is an infected cell
  • If it is an infected cell, it releases chemicals that causes:
    • Apoptosis (Cell Death)
    • Interference with the cells metabolism
    • Perforines (Poke holes in the cell)
49
Q

What are the different types of T cells & what are their functions?

A
  • Helper T cells
    • Proliferation of T & B cells
  • Suppressor T cells
    • Suppresses immune reaction
  • Memory T cells
    • Remain behind incase of a second infection
50
Q

Describe what happens to a B cell to become active. More specifically, describe what activates it, what it does once it is activated & what role it plays in eliminating foreign microbes.

A
  • B cell enocunters antigen
  • Endocytosis of antigen, then displays MHC II marker (Like a Wanted poster).
  • B cells proliferate & produce antibodies against specific MHC II.
  • B cell turns to plasma cell
51
Q

What is an antigen? What is an antibody?

A
  • Antigen
    • Triggers an immune response
  • Antibody
    • Protein that targets specific antigens. (Made by B cells)
52
Q

What do antibodies do to help eliminate antigens?

A

Neutralize them

53
Q

What is the difference between primary & secondary immune responses?

A
  • Primary
    • First exposure to an antigen
  • Secondary​
    • Antigen comes again (stronger & quicker)
54
Q

Describe at least 3 ways (either natural or artificial) in which the human body can acquire immunity against antigens.

A
  • Exposed by natural infection
  • Exposed by a vaccine
  • Recieve antibodies form mother
55
Q

What are the five types of antibodie? What specific roles do they have?

A
  • IgG
    • Largest & most diverse antibodies
    • Resistance agaisnt many viruses, bacteria, & bacterial toxins.
  • IgE
    • Attaches as an individual molecule to the exposed surfaces of basophils & mast cells.
    • When bound to a cell, cell releases histamine & other chemicals
  • IgD
    • Individual molecule on surface of B cells
    • It can bind with antigens in the extracellular fluid
  • IgM
    • First class of antibody secreted after an anitgen arrives.
    • Forms immune complexes
  • IgA
    • Found primarily in glandular secretions
    • Attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues.

A&P 2 Lecture (7 decks)

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