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A&P 2 Lecture > Chapters 20 & 23 (Respiratory Physiology & Urinary System) > Flashcards

Chapters 20 & 23 (Respiratory Physiology & Urinary System) Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in alveoli?

A

Type I pneumocytes Type II pneumocytes Alveolar Macrophages Fibroblasts

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1
Q

What is the role of surfactant & why do we need it?

A

Reduces surface tension & causes elastic recoil. It helps us to exhale.

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2
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

Gas exchange

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3
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

Secrete surfactant

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4
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A

(Dust cells) Phagocytes

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5
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Secrete elastic fibers

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6
Q

Passageway of air from Nasal Cavity to Alveoli.

A
  1. Nasal Cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi (1, 2, 3)
  6. Small Bronchi
  7. Bronchioles
  8. Terminal Bronchioles
  9. Respiratory Bronchioles
  10. Alveoli
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7
Q

External Respiration

A

Pulmonary gas exchange Oxygen enters & carbon dioxide leaves the blood in the lungs.

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8
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Capillary gas exchange Oxygen enters the body tissues from the blood (through the capillaries) & carbon dioxide leaves the body tissues & enters the blood.

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9
Q

Explain what is happening physically during breathing. (Use Boyle’s Law)

A

Respiratory muscles & elastic tissue change pressure gradient following Boyle’s Law (Volume changes in the lungs lead to pressure changes in the lungs) As volume of the lungs increase, the pressure decreases dropping the pressure of the lungs below atmospheric pressure forcing air to go into the lungs & vica versa.

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10
Q

What are the major functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Gas Exchange
  • pH Regulation
  • Sound Production
  • Olfaction
  • Filtration of Air
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11
Q

What is the function of mucus?

A

To prevent foreign particles from entering the lungs.

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12
Q

Why is it important that the epithelial tissue of the alveoli be simple squamous?

A

To assist in quick gas exchange.

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13
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Flap of cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing.

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14
Q

The trachea ha c-rings of cartilage. Why is the cartilage in the shape of a c-ring?

A

To expand, maintain shape, & and allow the esophagus to expand during swallowing

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15
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle that lines the passageways of the conductive zone?

A

Regulates the air going to the lungs & leaving the lungs.

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16
Q

What is the difference in the conduction zone & the respiratory zone?

A
  • Conduction
    • Carries air to lungs
  • Respiratory
    • Where gas exchange happens
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17
Q

What are the two main muscles used in breathing?

A
  • External Intercostals
  • Diaphragm
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18
Q

What importance do the accessory muscles have in breathing?

A

Elevate & Stabilize the rib cage, assist in forced breathing

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19
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Amount of air in & out of the lungs during normal breathing.

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20
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Maximum amount breathed in and out

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21
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

Maximum amout of air lungs can hold.

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22
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

Amount of pressure a single gas contributes to a mixture of gases.

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23
Q

What importance does Dalton’s law have to partial pressure of gases?

A

The relative amount of a gas in a mixture is related to the pressure it exerts.

24
Q

Henry’s Law

A

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.

25
Q

What importance does Henry’s Law have to gas exchange?

A

States what causes the gas to move.

26
Q

How does the partial pressure of oxygen & carbon dioxide drive their movement into & out of the blood?

A

They equalize their partial pressures.

27
Q

What causes oxygen to dissociate with iron in hemoglobin?

A
  • Presence of CO2
  • Reduced pH
  • High Temperature
  • Presence of BPG
28
Q

What is the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen & its saturation in hemoglobin?

A

The lower the partial pressure of oxygen, the more likely it is to come off of the iron.

29
Q

What does it mean if the saturation curve move left or right?

A
  • Right
    • Oxygen is more likely to come off of iron
  • Left
    • Oxygen is less likely to come off of iron
30
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?

A
  • Least: In plasma
  • 23%: Binds to hemoglobin
  • Most: Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) [and Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)]
31
Q

What drives carbon dioxide out of blood into the lungs?

A

Difference in partial pressure.

32
Q

Compliance

A

How easy it is for the lungs to expand.

33
Q

Why can high or low compliance be bad?

A
  • Low
    • Not enough air can get into the lungs
  • High
    • Alveoli can burst or lose their elasticity
34
Q

Resistance

A

How difficult it is for air to move through the conducting zone.

35
Q

Why is high resistance a bad thing?

A

Can’t get air to the lungs

36
Q

Emphysema causes high compliance. Why would that make gas exchange difficult?

A

Alveoli can burst or become too elastic and not go back to its original shape.

37
Q

What region of the brain is responsible for involuntary breathing?

A

Medulla Oblongata

38
Q

What region of the brain is responsible for forced breathing?

A

Pons

39
Q
  • What is hypercapnia?
  • Why is it bad?
  • What does the body do to combat it?
A
  • Caused by increase in CO2 in the blood (Acidosis)
  • pH goes down and interferes with tissue function
  • Heart rate & Breathing rate Increase
40
Q
  • What is Hypocapnia?
  • Why is it bad?
  • What does the body do to combat it?
A
  • Caused by decrease in CO2 in the blood (Alkalosis)
  • pH goes up and interferes with gas exchange and tissue function.
  • Heart rate & Breathing Rate Decrease
41
Q

Functions of the Urinary System

A
  • Remove toxins from the blood
  • Expulsion from the body
  • Maintains pH
  • Maintains Electrolytes
  • Maintains Blood Pressure
42
Q

Types of Nephrons in the Kidneys

A
  • Cortical Nephrons (Most) [In Cortex]
  • Juxtomedullary Nephrons (Least) [Deep in Medulla]
43
Q

Glomerulus

A

Filters blood (Produces Filtrate)

44
Q

Proxical Convoluted Tubule

A

Solutes (Sugars, Amino Acids, & Lipids) are Reabsorbed into the blood

45
Q

Nephron Loop

A
  • Descending
    • Water is secreted from the loop
  • Ascending
    • Solutes are secreted from the loop
46
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

Sloutes or water can leave or enter filtrate

47
Q

Collecting Duct

A
  • Called urine when liquid enters
  • More water can be reabsorbed intot he blood
48
Q

What can fit through the slits formed by the pedicles of the podocytes of the Bowman’s Capsule?

A
  • Solutes and Water
  • NOT RBCs or Proteins
49
Q

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP)

A

Force of fluid inside Glomerulus (Should be higher than BCOP)

50
Q

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)

A

Force of fluid outside of Glomerulus

51
Q

Why is it important to maintain GHP?

A

So stuff gets filtered

52
Q

GFR

A
  • Glomerular Filtration Rate
  • Filtrate produced per minute
  • (GFR & GHP are linked)
53
Q

How is GFR autoregulated?

A

Makes arteries going into the kidneys dilate & Veins leaving the kidneys contrict.

54
Q
  • How is GFR centrally regulated?
  • What are the ultimate effects of the release of renin?
A
  • Releases Renin
  • Renin causes Angiotensin I to be released which causes Angiotensin II to be released.
  • Angiotensin I & II cause thrist, increase in blood volume, & vasoconstriction
55
Q
  • Explain what countercurrent multiplication is. What it does.
  • Be able to explain the importance of maintianing a concentration gradient in the nephron loops.
A
  • Mechanism that expends energy to create a concentration gradient.
  • Overall goal is to make filtrate concentrated. Osmosis of water drives it out the descending loop and diffusion of solutes cause drives them out of ascending loop.
56
Q

Obligatory Water Reabsorption

A
  • In PCT & Nephron Loop
  • Not influenced by ADH
  • Water reabsorption here can’t be changed from its regulation
57
Q

Facultative Water Reabsorption

A

Caused by ADH

58
Q

How does the release of ADH affect the concentration of urine? Why?

A
  • (Comes from pituitary gland)
  • Makes urine more concentrated to reabsorb more water

A&P 2 Lecture (7 decks)

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