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A&P 2 Lecture > Chapter 9 Part 2 (Lecture) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Part 2 (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

List the Events that Occur at the Neuromuscular Junction

A
  1. Arrival of action potential at synaptic terminal
  2. AP causes Ca2+ to enter axon synaptic terminal
  3. Ca2+ stimulates exocytosis of ACh vesicles
  4. ACh enters synaptic cleft
  5. ACh binds at motor and plate
  6. Appearance of an action potential in the sarcolemma
  7. Return to intial state
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2
Q

List the Step of the Contraction Cycle

A
  1. Energized myosin head is “cocked”
  2. Exposure of myosin binding site on actin, forms the cross bridge
  3. Pivoting of myosin heads (Power Stroke)
  4. Detachment of cross bridge
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3
Q

2 Ways to Stop the Contraction Cycle

A
  1. Run out of Ca2+
  2. Run out of ATP
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4
Q

Why is Ca2+ important in the Contraction Cycle?

A

Ca2+ is used to bind to the troponin which changes shape and moves tropomyosin exposing myosin binding sites.

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5
Q

Why is ATP important in the Contraction Cycle?

A

ATP is the energy source.

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6
Q
A

Treppe Graph

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7
Q
A

Wave Summation

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8
Q
A

Incomplete Tetanus

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9
Q
A

Complete Tetanus

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10
Q

3 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

A
  • Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers
  • Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG; Intermediate) Fibers
  • Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers
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11
Q

Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers

A
  • Least powerful
  • Fatigue resistant, red, myoglobin, many mitochondria, small fiber diameter
  • Suited for endurance-type activity
  • Marathon or triathalon
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12
Q

Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG; Intermediate) Fibers

A
  • Moderately fatigue resistant, red to pink, intermediate diameter
  • Suited for sprinting and walking
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13
Q

Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers

A
  • Fatigable
  • Suited for short term intense or powerful movements, white, few mitochondria, large fiber diameter
  • Weight lifting
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14
Q

Sliding Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

A

Thin slides over thick to cause a contraction

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15
Q

Motor Unit

A

One motor neuron and many skeletal muscle fibers

  • One motor neuron to multiple muscles
  • One muscle to only one motor neuron
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16
Q

Motor-End Plate

A

The specific part of a skeletal muscle fiber’s sarcolemma directly beneath the NMJ

17
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical substance released from a motor end fiber; causes stimulation of the sarcolemma of muscle fiber

18
Q

Achetylcholine

A

Triggers action potential that releases Ca2+

19
Q

Achetylcholinesterase

A

Removes ACh from synaptic cleft ending muscle stimulation

20
Q

Events involved in skeletal muscle fibers contraction beginning with the necessary motor impulse initiated by the brain.

A
  1. NMJ
  2. Contraction Cycle
21
Q

Explain why and how a contracted skeleta muscle relaxes.

A

Ca2+ is pumped out of the sarcoplasm, actin is covered up so myosin can’t bind with actin.

22
Q

Name the 3 pathways that regenerate energy/ATP in muscle cells

A
  1. Aerobics
  2. Anaerobics
  3. Creatine-Phosphate
23
Q

How is Lactic Acid produced in muscle cells and what its accumulation causes.

A

Produced by anaerobic respiration.

Muscles shut down until Lactic Acid is removed.

24
Q

O2 Debt

A

Demand for O2 outstripes O2 supply

25
Q

Muscle Fatigue

A

Muscle runs out of ATP

26
Q

Twitch

A

Single contraction followed by an imediate relaxation

27
Q

What is meant by the “all or nothing” response in skeletal muscle fibers.

A

The threshold must be reached

28
Q

Explain how smooth and graded contractions of a skeletal muscle are produced.

A

Based on strength and frequency of stimuli

29
Q

Define the term used to describe a myogram that shows a series of twitches with increasing strength.

A

Wave summation

30
Q

Name the term when a myogram illustrates a sustained contraction that lacks even slight relaxation between twitches.

A

Complete Tetanus

31
Q

Muscle Recruitment

A

Beacuse a whole muscle is composed of many motor units, controlled by many different motor neurons, simultaneous contraction of all units does not necessarily occur.

32
Q

Isometric

A

Contraction but not shortening

33
Q

Isotonic

A

Contraction with shortening

34
Q

Force (Factors)

A

Size and Fiber Type

35
Q

Velocity (Factors)

A

Fiber Type

36
Q

Duration (Factors)

A

Fiber type

A&P 2 Lecture (7 decks)

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