The Immune Response

Question 1

what is the immune response defined as?

Answer 1

the reaction of immune cells and fluids of the system to the presence of a substance which is recognized as non-self

Question 2

what is “self”?

Answer 2

determination based upon recognition of self molecules and/or components of cells of the body

Question 3

what is “non-self”?

Answer 3

determination based upon molecules and/or compounds of cell recognized as foreign

Question 4

what does PAMP stand for?

Answer 4

pathogen associated molecular pattern pathways

Question 5

what does DAMP stand for?

Answer 5

damage associated molecular pattern pathways

Question 6

PAMP is based upon recognition of what?

Answer 6

foreign antigens

Question 7

what are antigens?

Answer 7

molecules that can stimulate an immune response directed at the specific molecule

Question 8

DAMP is based upon recognition of what?

Answer 8

unique molecules displayed by stressed, injured, and/or infected cells of the body

Question 9

Viruses are not living they are just DNA

Possible Extra Credit Question

Answer 9

Salmonella can live within cells

Question 10

inflammatory response is the what response of the immune system to harmful stimuli?

Answer 10

biological

Question 11

the biological response is triggered by what factors?

Answer 11

pathogens, damaged cells, and toxic compounds

Question 12

1945 is the first transplant
1969 is the first successful transplant
2022 first transplant without immunosuppression

Possible Extra Credit Question

Question 13

what is the function of the inflammatory response?

Answer 13

to remove injurious stimuli and initiate healing

Question 14

T/F the wide range of proteins and cytokines that activate, stimulate, enhance, shut down IFR reponse

Answer 14

True

Question 15

what is the complement system?

Answer 15

its diverse plasma proteins and its involved in homeostasis, innate immune response, and adaptive immune response

Question 16

where are the complement system proteins produced?

Answer 16

majority of them are produced in the liver

Question 17

what are all the functions of the complement system proteins?

Answer 17

triggers innate immune response to foreign response
activation of pro-inflammatory activity
regulates cytokine production
removal of immune complex and dead/modified cells
regulate self-tolerance of self-antigens
immunoregulation of adaptive immunity

Question 18

what do phagocytes do?

Answer 18

engulf and destroy/digest foreign particles, bacteria, non-self cells, dying/damage self cells

Question 19

what are the 4 types phagocytes?

Answer 19

neutrophils, monocytes, mast cells, and dendritic cells

Question 20

Adaptive immune response is an immune response which occurs after exposure to what?

Answer 20

antigens

Question 21

what are the two types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 21

active and passive

Question 22

what is active adaptive immunity?

Answer 22

specific immunity developed by host following exposure

Question 23

what is passive adaptive immunity?

Answer 23

the transferring of antibodies from dam to offspring

Question 24

what is the differences between artificial active and artificial passive immunity?

Answer 24

AA: intentional exposure to a foreign material like vaccine
AP: antibodies from previous infected host to non-infected host

Question 25

the first vaccine is the cow pox vaccine | ***Possible Extra Credit Question***

Question 26

what is cell-mediated immune response?

Answer 26

specific cytotoxic cells (T and NK) and phagocytic cells detect and destroy infected or altered body cells

Question 27

what is antibodied-mediated immune response

Answer 27

humoral immunity

Question 28

what do B Cells do?

Answer 28

produce antibodies that bind to specific antigen particles in blood or interstitial fluid

Question 29

what are the chemical weapons of the immune system?

Answer 29

chemokines, acute phase proteins, cytokines, dendritic cells, cytotoxic immune cells

Question 30

what are chemokines?

Answer 30

signal proteins secreted by specific cells to induce chemotaxis

Question 31

what are acute phase proteins? (APP)

Answer 31

broad class of immunoproteins produced by hemocytes within the liver

Question 32

what do APP do?

Answer 32

increases in response to inflammation, infection, stress and trauma

Question 33

what are the two classifications of APP?

Answer 33

positive or negative

Question 34

what are the functions of positive APP?

Answer 34

stimulate inflammation/fever enhance cytokine production recruitment of immune cells initiate chemotaxis destroy/inhibit growth of bacteria neutralize toxins

Question 35

what are the functions of negative APP?

Answer 35

it creates an negative feedback to inflammatory response, which decrease concentrations of positive APP

Question 36

what does the negative feedback signal to reduce production?

Answer 36

hepatocytes

Question 37

what are cytokines?

Answer 37

relatively small proteins that are vital in the process of cell signaling

Question 38

what do cytokines alter?

Answer 38

the behavior of cells

Question 39

T/F cytokines are biological effect isn't dependent upon the cytokine and affected cell

Answer 39

False, it is dependent

Question 40

what are some functions of cytokines?

Answer 40

activation of cells, cellular division/cycle, apoptosis, and, migrations/movement

Question 41

what are 3 cytokines?

Answer 41

interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors

Question 42

what is one primary biological activity of tumor necrosis factors?

Answer 42

inflammation via cellular chemotaxis products and vascular regulations (inflammation and fever)

Question 43

what are dendritic cells?

Answer 43

they are messengers between the innate and the adaptive and they activate a common pathway between innate and adaptive

Question 44

what is an antigen-presenting cell?

Answer 44

process antigen material that activates T cells

Question 45

what are generic antigen material

Answer 45

non-specific antigens

Question 46

what are the 3 cytotoxic immune cell major mechanisms to remove cells?

Answer 46

secretion of cytokines, production of cytotoxic granules, and Fas/FasL interaction

Question 47

what are cytotoxic T cells considered as?

Answer 47

foot soldiers of the immune system

Question 48

what are cytotoxic T cells activated by?

Answer 48

antigens

Question 49

what do cytotoxic T cells defend against?

Answer 49

intracellular pathogens

Question 50

what do helper T cells do?

Answer 50

enhance activation of CTc as well as shape the whole adaptive immune response

Question 51

what are the 4 sub classes of helper T cells?

Answer 51

Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg

Question 52

what does Th1 do?

Answer 52

responsible for controlling viral infections

Question 53

what does Th2 do?

Answer 53

it functions in defense against helminthic cells (parasitic cells)

Question 54

what does Th17 do?

Answer 54

it mediates the cellular immune response

Question 55

what does Treg cells do?

Answer 55

maintain homeostasis and level of tolerance within the immune system

Question 56

what do natural killer trolling immune cells do?

Answer 56

kill virally infected cells and also detecting and controlling early signs of cancer cells

Question 57

what are natural killer cells activated by?

Answer 57

by constantly interacting with other cells like healthy and infected cells

Question 58

T/F autoimmune immune system response against host, generally recognized as genetic implications

Answer 58

True

Question 59

T/F immunodeficiencies is a malfunction of the immune response

Answer 59

True

Question 60

what are the two types of immunodeficiencies

Answer 60

primary and secondary primary: genetic disorders secondary: exposure to certain diseases

Question 61

what is etiology?

Answer 61

the cause of diseases

Question 62

what are the 3 types of etiology?

Answer 62

extrinsic, intrinsic, and idiopathic