Immunology

Question 1

What is the immune system?

Answer 1

a network of tissues, cells, chemicals, and molecules associated with the primary functions of protecting the body against invasion

Question 2

what does the immune response resist

Answer 2

pathogens and non-pathogens

Question 3

microorganisms are capable of causing a what?

Answer 3

diease

Question 4

what are the 5 pathogens?

Answer 4

bacteria, virus, parasite, fungus, and yeast

Question 5

T/F are pathogens always dieases?

Answer 5

False, its not always a diease

Question 6

Typhoid Mary is an asymptomatic carrier who infected 50-120 people with 3 confirmed deaths

Possible Extra Credit Question

Question 7

What is an non-pathogen?

Answer 7

anything not a natural aspect of the living system

Question 8

what are some non-pathogens?

Answer 8

foreign substance, toxins, and host abnormalities

Question 9

what is the most common non-pathogen diease?

Answer 9

HIV

Question 10

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 10

Innate and adaptive

Question 11

what is the 2 parts of the 2nd line of defense for the innate immunity?

Answer 11

Complement and Cellular Response

Question 12

what kind of response is the complement system?

Answer 12

rapid and highly amplified response

Question 13

T/F there are 20/30 proteins from serum, body fluids, and association with cell receptors

Answer 13

True

Question 14

what does the complement system do?

Answer 14

eliminates by-products of phagocytosis, aids with cellular destruction (aka cell lysis), and enhances the innate cellular response

Question 15

what does cellular response - leukocytes make?

Answer 15

white blood cells

Question 16

what is cellular response - leukocytes crucial for?

Answer 16

mobile immune cell for the immune defense

Question 17

what are the 3 granulocytes?

Answer 17

neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

Question 18

what are the 2 agranulocytes

Answer 18

monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 19

T/F Neutrophils are the least numerous type of leukocytes

Answer 19

False, its the most

Question 20

what does neutrophils primarily do?

Answer 20

destroys bacterial pathogens via respiratory burst

Question 21

neutrophils produce an oxidizing substance to kill what?

Answer 21

bacteria

Question 22

what are the chemicals in the oxidizing substance?

Answer 22

NaOCL and H2O2

Question 23

Eosinophils account for how many of leukocytes?

Answer 23

2-4%

Question 24

what does eosinophil nucleus look like?

Answer 24

deep red, and two lobed shape

Question 25

Eosinophils are the lead immune response related to what?

Answer 25

parasitic worm infection

Question 26

what are some parasitic worms?

Answer 26

flatworms and roundworms

Question 27

T/F Granulocytes are the rarest leukocyte

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Granulocytes are also known as what?

Answer 28

mast cells

Question 29

The cytoplasm in mast cells contain what?

Answer 29

large, course, histamine-containing granules

Question 30

what is the function of Granulocytes (mast cells)?

Answer 30

to bind to particular antibodies causing a release of histamine

Question 31

where is monocytes produced?

Answer 31

in bone marrow and its also the largest of all leukocyte

Question 32

what are monocytes also called?

Answer 32

macrophages

Question 33

how do monocytes function?

Answer 33

via process where the monocyte engulfs invading objects - phagocytosis

Question 34

what are the 4 phagocytosis

Answer 34

bacteria, cancer cells, cellular debris, and foreign substance

Question 35

how many types of lymphocytes that originate from the hemocytoblast of bone marrow?

Answer 35

3 types

Question 36

what are the types of lymphocytes?

Answer 36

B cells, T cells, and Natural killer cells (NK)

Question 37

T cells are involved of what immunity?

Answer 37

cell-mediated immunity

Question 38

what are the 3 type of T cells?

Answer 38

cytotoxic, helper, and memory

Question 39

what are cytotoxic t cells?

Answer 39

the killer cell

Question 40

what does cytotoxic T cell do?

Answer 40

binds to specific antigen and release a cytotoxic substance to destroy the cell wall of a bacteria then send neutrophils to the wound

Question 41

what is the cytotoxic substance?

Answer 41

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Question 42

T/F helper T cells are the least amount of T cells and are not important

Answer 42

False, they are the most numerous and are incredibly important

Question 43

what do helper T cells help active B cells to do?

Answer 43

secrete antibodies

Question 44

T/F memory T cells are long living cells designed to maintain cell population that will recognize previous antigens

Answer 44

True

Question 45

How long do memory T cell populations remain Tetanus: 11-19 years Chicken pox: 50 years Measles: lifetime | ***Possible Extra Credit Question***

Question 46

What are B Cells?

Answer 46

Humoral immunity of the adaptive immune system

Question 47

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 47

Antibody-mediated immunity

Question 48

what is the primary function of B Cells?

Answer 48

to release antibodies

Question 49

Antibodies inactive antigens by what?

Answer 49

agglutination and precipitation

Question 50

what do antibodies do?

Answer 50

they bind to foreign cells, signaling phagocytes, and killer cells

Question 51

what are B Cells primary function?

Answer 51

to produce immunoglobulins aka antibodies

Question 52

what do antibodies look like?

Answer 52

they are Y shaped

Question 53

what are the 5 antibody functions?

Answer 53

agglutination, opsonization, neutralization, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and activation of complement system

Question 54

what is IgG?

Answer 54

its the most abundant Ig and triggers complement system to protect against bacteria and viruses

Question 55

what is IgM?

Answer 55

it is the largest and is the first ones to appear on response to an infection

Question 56

what is IgA?

Answer 56

primary function is to prevent pathogens from binding to the mucosal membrane

Question 57

what is IgD?

Answer 57

function as an antigen receptor and help initiate the differentiation of B Cells

Question 58

what is IgE?

Answer 58

bind to basophils causing the release of histamine and other chemicals that initiate an allergic response