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Biology > The heart and blood vessels > Flashcards

The heart and blood vessels Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

in what part of the heart is the pacemaker located

A

wall of the right atrium

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2
Q

state one location of a semi lunar valve and describe its function

A

between left ventricle and exit of aorta

to prevent blood flow back into the left ventricle

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3
Q

why is a pulse easily detected at wrist or temple

A

the artery is close to the surface of skin

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4
Q

why do arteries not contain valves

A

the blood is under high pressure so back flow will not occur

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5
Q

two lifestyle choices a person could make to improve heart health

A

increase fruit and vegetable intake and exercise more regularly

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6
Q

name four substances that are transported in the blood and where they enter

A

food molecules
water
oxygen at lungs
hormones at endocrine gland

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7
Q

draw a diagram to show the structure of a human heart

A

–

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8
Q

state the precise location and describe the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node

A

in the wall at the top of the right atrium

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9
Q

precise location of the atrioventricular (AV) node

A

in septum between right atrium and right ventricle

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10
Q

role of SA node

A

sends out regular electrical impulses that cause the atria to contract

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11
Q

role of AV node

A

sends impulses down special muscle fibres located in the septum

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12
Q

what is measured when a persons blood pressure is taken

A

the force of the blood against the wall of the artery

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13
Q

in terms of structure state any two differences between the human blood and lymph systems

A

blood system: closed system/ two circuit system

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14
Q

portal system

A

a blood pathway that begins and ends in capillaries

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15
Q

pulse

A

the alternate expansion and contraction of the arteries

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16
Q

state two ways in which the structure of red blood cells differs from that of other cells

A

no nucleus and no mitochondria

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17
Q

where is blood pressure measured

A

artery of upper arm

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18
Q

what does blood pressure measure

A

the amount of pressure required to stop the flow of blood in the artery

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19
Q

blood is classified into groups. what is further used to classify blood

A

rhesus factor

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20
Q

describe a vein which transports blood out of the muscle of the heart

A

coronary vein

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21
Q

name a vein which brings blood away from the kidneys

A

renal vein

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22
Q

name a vein that carries very little carbon dioxide

A

pulmonary vein

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23
Q

name a vein that brings blood into the right atrium

A

vena cava

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24
Q

name a vein that has capillaries at both ends

A

hepatic portal vein

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25
Q

briefly describe how blood is moved through veins

A

muscles contract/valves prevent back flow

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26
Q

what makes the wrist a suitable part of the body to detect a pulse

A

the artery is near the surface

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27
Q

draw a labelled diagram of a transverse section and a labelled diagram of a longitudinal section through a human vein to show its structure

A
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28
Q

investigation on effect of exercise on breathing rate/pulse rate control and purpose of control

A

average pulse rate at rest

to compare with the result

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29
Q

suggest how to measure recovery time

A

immediately after exercise count pulse rate

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30
Q

state the location of the pacemaker

A

wall of right atrium

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31
Q

explain the term systole in relation to heartbeat

A

when the heart chambers contract

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32
Q

describe how to measure the effect of exercise on pulse rate and the conclusion that can be drawn from that

A

subject takes exercise for 5 minutes , take pulse rate and compare with resting pulse rate

rate increases with exercise

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33
Q

what is the function of the heart in the circulatory system

A

pump blood around the body

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34
Q

name the arteries that supply the cardiac muscle of the heart

A

coronary arteries

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35
Q

closed circulatory system

A

blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels

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36
Q

give one advantage to humans having a close system

A

blood can be pumped around the body faster , allowing nutrients and oxygen to be distributed faster to the cells , allowing the animal to be more active

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37
Q

indicate the position of semi lunar valves during

  1. atrial systole
  2. ventricular systole
A
  1. open

2. closed

38
Q

name one dietary factor that is known to contribute to coronary heart disease

A

high fat or high cholestrol

39
Q

name one lifestyle change that would reduce the risk of conronary heart disease

A

increase exercise

40
Q

name a structure in cells in which carbon dioxide is produced

A

mitochondrion

41
Q

give one feature of a capillary which allows rapid uptake of carbon dioxide

A

they are one cell thick - permeable

42
Q

why are carbon dioxide levels higher in venous blood than arterial blood

name a blood vessel which is an exception

A

venous blood has collected carbon dioxide from cells in the body -
arterial blood has been cleared of carbon dioxide in the lungs

mitochondrion

43
Q

give two functions of the lymphatic system

A

collects tissue fluid and returns it to the blood

defends the body against infection by filtering micro organisms in lymph nodes.

44
Q

give one way in which lymph differs from blood

A

does not contain red blood cells or platelets

45
Q

give two ways in which a vein differs from an artery

A

vein- larger lumen, thicker middle (muscle and elastic fibre) and valves

46
Q

name a major blood vessel that returns the blood in venules to the heart

A

vena cava

47
Q

where is the tricuspid valve located

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

48
Q

describe how you carried out the dissection to locate the tricuspid valve

A

cut through the right side of heart using a scalpel

49
Q

where did you find the semi lunar valves during dissection

A

at the base of the aorta

50
Q

when you investigated the effect of exercise on the human pulse rate what did you first establish

A

the resting pulse rate

51
Q

how did you measure pulse rate

A

locate pulse, count beats per minute

repeat three times and get the average

52
Q

during the dissection you cut a window in the pulmonary artery and aorta. explain the purpose of this step

A

to expose the semi lunar valve

53
Q

state two ways in which red blood cells differ from white blood cells

A

red blood cells ; biconcave discs, no nucleus

white blood cells ; shapeless with nucleus

54
Q

name three types of white blood cells

A

lymphocytes , phagocytes and monocytes

55
Q

what is the role of antibodies in the body

A

defend the body against infection and fight infections already present in the body

56
Q

state one location in the body in which red blood cells are made

A

bone marrow

57
Q

state two ways in which red blood cells differ from typical cells of the body

A

red blood cells do not contain a nucleus

contain haomoglobin

58
Q

define closed system

A

blood is always in blood vessels

59
Q

give the names of the two circuits found in a closed system

A

pulmonery

systemic

60
Q

which blood circuit involves the pumping of blood by the left ventricle

A

systemic

61
Q

contrast the structure of veins and arteries in transverse section by use of labelled diagrams

A
62
Q

give reasons for two differences in structure of arteries and veins

A

thick muscle wall in artery: carries blood under pressure

valves in veins;prevent back flow of blood

63
Q

explain double circulatory system

A

the heart has two circuits - pulmonary and systemic

64
Q

give an advantage of a double circulatory system

A

oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood are kept separate

65
Q

explain why veins contain valves but arteries do not

A

valves prevent back flow of blood in veins as blood is under low pressure
blood under high pressure in arteries, valves not needed

66
Q

what is the name of the blood vessels that supply the cardiac muscle of the heart with blood

A

coronary arteries

67
Q

explain what is meant by blood pressure

A

the force the blood exerts against the wall of a blood vessel

68
Q

explain why lack of exercise is considered a risk factor for coronary heart disease

A

it reduces blood pressure

69
Q

describe how you measured the effect of exercise on pulse rate

A 
five minutes of exercise 
take pulse straight after
1 minute after
3 minutes after
5 minutes after
70
Q

describe the results you obtained (exercise on pulse)

A

pulse rate increased after exercise

returns slowly to resting pulse after

71
Q

conclusion (exercise on pulse)

A

pulse rate increases with exercise

recovery rate decreases with increasing fitness

72
Q

name the cavity of the body in which the heart and lungs are located

A

thoracic cavity

73
Q

state one way in which the heart muscle differs from other muscles in the body

A

it doesn’t tire

74
Q

describe the steps you followed in order to identify and display the inner structures of the heart.

A
75
Q

what did you do in order to cut open a semi-lunar valve

A

cut open aorta or pulmonary artery

76
Q

diagram of dissection

A

–

77
Q

clearly labelled diagram of heart

A

–

78
Q

explain why both smoking and lack of exercise are considered risk factors for coronary heart disease

A

nicotine causes increased heart rate and raises blood pressure - increased workload for heart

exercise enlargens and strengthens the heart as it is a muscle

79
Q

the lymph vessels are similar in structure to the veins

state any two ways in which they are similar and indicate the importance of any one names features of each of them

A

valves and thin walls

valves prevent back flow of liquid

80
Q

list any three functions of the lymph system

A

collects tissue fluid and return it to the blood
defend the body against infection
absorb and transport fats in the digestive system

81
Q

comment on the effect of diet and exercise on the circulatory system

A

diet; high levels of fat causes increased cholesterol, increasing the risk of forming blockages in arteries , resulting in heart attacks and strokes

exercise: exercise strengthens and englargens the heart. it improves our overall circulation and helps reduce body weight

82
Q

describe the steps that you followed in order to identify and display the inner structures of the heart

A

1.Distinguish between the ventral (front) side and the dorsal (back) surface of the heat.
the front is more rounded and the thick walled arteries are on this side.
one of the coronaries also runs diagonally from the top right to the bottom left
2. we used a scalpel to make cuts one and two to open up the left ventricle and observe a very thick wall and tendons, and the bicuspid valve
3.cuts 3 and 4 opened the right ventricle : thinner wall, tendons and tricuspid valve
4. cuts 5 and 6 opened up the atria, thin walls and the bicuspid and tricuspid valves
5.cut 7: pulmonery artery; three flaps of semilunar valve
6: cut 8: aorta, second semilunar valve and beginning of coronary artery

83
Q

lymph nodes

A

found along the lymph vessel - part of immune system

84
Q

hepatic portal vein function

A

carries blood from intestine to liver

85
Q

red blood cell

A

made in bone marrow , biconcave in shape , transports oxygen

86
Q

what is the average pulse rate at rest

A

65-79 pbm

87
Q

suggest a relationship between recovery time and a persons degree of physical fitness

A

recovery time decreases with increasing physical fitness

88
Q

state procedure to expose semi lunar valve

A

cut aorta /pulmonery artery

89
Q

name the blood vessel that returns blood from the heart to the lungs and the main gas transported in it

A

pulmonery vein

oxygen

90
Q

plasma

A

liquid part of blood

91
Q

describe the structure of the lymphatic system

A

a one way system of dead ending vessels and lymph nodes

92
Q

origin of coronary artery

A

aorta near semilunar valve

Biology (17 decks)

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