The heart and blood vessels Flashcards
1
Q
in what part of the heart is the pacemaker located
A
wall of the right atrium
2
Q
state one location of a semi lunar valve and describe its function
A
between left ventricle and exit of aorta
to prevent blood flow back into the left ventricle
3
Q
why is a pulse easily detected at wrist or temple
A
the artery is close to the surface of skin
4
Q
why do arteries not contain valves
A
the blood is under high pressure so back flow will not occur
5
Q
two lifestyle choices a person could make to improve heart health
A
increase fruit and vegetable intake and exercise more regularly
6
Q
name four substances that are transported in the blood and where they enter
A
food molecules
water
oxygen at lungs
hormones at endocrine gland
7
Q
draw a diagram to show the structure of a human heart
A
–
8
Q
state the precise location and describe the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node
A
in the wall at the top of the right atrium
9
Q
precise location of the atrioventricular (AV) node
A
in septum between right atrium and right ventricle
10
Q
role of SA node
A
sends out regular electrical impulses that cause the atria to contract
11
Q
role of AV node
A
sends impulses down special muscle fibres located in the septum
12
Q
what is measured when a persons blood pressure is taken
A
the force of the blood against the wall of the artery
13
Q
in terms of structure state any two differences between the human blood and lymph systems
A
blood system: closed system/ two circuit system
14
Q
portal system
A
a blood pathway that begins and ends in capillaries
15
Q
pulse
A
the alternate expansion and contraction of the arteries
16
Q
state two ways in which the structure of red blood cells differs from that of other cells
A
no nucleus and no mitochondria
17
Q
where is blood pressure measured
A
artery of upper arm
18
Q
what does blood pressure measure
A
the amount of pressure required to stop the flow of blood in the artery
19
Q
blood is classified into groups. what is further used to classify blood
A
rhesus factor
20
Q
describe a vein which transports blood out of the muscle of the heart
A
coronary vein
21
Q
name a vein which brings blood away from the kidneys
A
renal vein
22
Q
name a vein that carries very little carbon dioxide
A
pulmonary vein
23
Q
name a vein that brings blood into the right atrium
A
vena cava
24
Q
name a vein that has capillaries at both ends
A
hepatic portal vein
25
briefly describe how blood is moved through veins
muscles contract/valves prevent back flow
26
what makes the wrist a suitable part of the body to detect a pulse
the artery is near the surface
27
draw a labelled diagram of a transverse section and a labelled diagram of a longitudinal section through a human vein to show its structure
---
28
investigation on effect of exercise on breathing rate/pulse rate control and purpose of control
average pulse rate at rest
| to compare with the result
29
suggest how to measure recovery time
immediately after exercise count pulse rate
30
state the location of the pacemaker
wall of right atrium
31
explain the term systole in relation to heartbeat
when the heart chambers contract
32
describe how to measure the effect of exercise on pulse rate and the conclusion that can be drawn from that
subject takes exercise for 5 minutes , take pulse rate and compare with resting pulse rate
rate increases with exercise
33
what is the function of the heart in the circulatory system
pump blood around the body
34
name the arteries that supply the cardiac muscle of the heart
coronary arteries
35
closed circulatory system
blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels
36
give one advantage to humans having a close system
blood can be pumped around the body faster , allowing nutrients and oxygen to be distributed faster to the cells , allowing the animal to be more active
37
indicate the position of semi lunar valves during
1. atrial systole
2. ventricular systole
1. open
| 2. closed
38
name one dietary factor that is known to contribute to coronary heart disease
high fat or high cholestrol
39
name one lifestyle change that would reduce the risk of conronary heart disease
increase exercise
40
name a structure in cells in which carbon dioxide is produced
mitochondrion
41
give one feature of a capillary which allows rapid uptake of carbon dioxide
they are one cell thick - permeable
42
why are carbon dioxide levels higher in venous blood than arterial blood
name a blood vessel which is an exception
venous blood has collected carbon dioxide from cells in the body -
arterial blood has been cleared of carbon dioxide in the lungs
mitochondrion
43
give two functions of the lymphatic system
collects tissue fluid and returns it to the blood
defends the body against infection by filtering micro organisms in lymph nodes.
44
give one way in which lymph differs from blood
does not contain red blood cells or platelets
45
give two ways in which a vein differs from an artery
vein- larger lumen, thicker middle (muscle and elastic fibre) and valves
46
name a major blood vessel that returns the blood in venules to the heart
vena cava
47
where is the tricuspid valve located
between the right atrium and right ventricle
48
describe how you carried out the dissection to locate the tricuspid valve
cut through the right side of heart using a scalpel
49
where did you find the semi lunar valves during dissection
at the base of the aorta
50
when you investigated the effect of exercise on the human pulse rate what did you first establish
the resting pulse rate
51
how did you measure pulse rate
locate pulse, count beats per minute
| repeat three times and get the average
52
during the dissection you cut a window in the pulmonary artery and aorta. explain the purpose of this step
to expose the semi lunar valve
53
state two ways in which red blood cells differ from white blood cells
red blood cells ; biconcave discs, no nucleus
| white blood cells ; shapeless with nucleus
54
name three types of white blood cells
lymphocytes , phagocytes and monocytes
55
what is the role of antibodies in the body
defend the body against infection and fight infections already present in the body
56
state one location in the body in which red blood cells are made
bone marrow
57
state two ways in which red blood cells differ from typical cells of the body
red blood cells do not contain a nucleus
| contain haomoglobin
58
define closed system
blood is always in blood vessels
59
give the names of the two circuits found in a closed system
pulmonery
| systemic
60
which blood circuit involves the pumping of blood by the left ventricle
systemic
61
contrast the structure of veins and arteries in transverse section by use of labelled diagrams
---
62
give reasons for two differences in structure of arteries and veins
thick muscle wall in artery: carries blood under pressure
| valves in veins;prevent back flow of blood
63
explain double circulatory system
the heart has two circuits - pulmonary and systemic
64
give an advantage of a double circulatory system
oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood are kept separate
65
explain why veins contain valves but arteries do not
valves prevent back flow of blood in veins as blood is under low pressure
blood under high pressure in arteries, valves not needed
66
what is the name of the blood vessels that supply the cardiac muscle of the heart with blood
coronary arteries
67
explain what is meant by blood pressure
the force the blood exerts against the wall of a blood vessel
68
explain why lack of exercise is considered a risk factor for coronary heart disease
it reduces blood pressure
69
describe how you measured the effect of exercise on pulse rate
```
five minutes of exercise
take pulse straight after
1 minute after
3 minutes after
5 minutes after
```
70
describe the results you obtained (exercise on pulse)
pulse rate increased after exercise
| returns slowly to resting pulse after
71
conclusion (exercise on pulse)
pulse rate increases with exercise
| recovery rate decreases with increasing fitness
72
name the cavity of the body in which the heart and lungs are located
thoracic cavity
73
state one way in which the heart muscle differs from other muscles in the body
it doesn't tire
74
describe the steps you followed in order to identify and display the inner structures of the heart.
---
75
what did you do in order to cut open a semi-lunar valve
cut open aorta or pulmonary artery
76
diagram of dissection
--
77
clearly labelled diagram of heart
--
78
explain why both smoking and lack of exercise are considered risk factors for coronary heart disease
nicotine causes increased heart rate and raises blood pressure - increased workload for heart
exercise enlargens and strengthens the heart as it is a muscle
79
the lymph vessels are similar in structure to the veins
| state any two ways in which they are similar and indicate the importance of any one names features of each of them
valves and thin walls
valves prevent back flow of liquid
80
list any three functions of the lymph system
collects tissue fluid and return it to the blood
defend the body against infection
absorb and transport fats in the digestive system
81
comment on the effect of diet and exercise on the circulatory system
diet; high levels of fat causes increased cholesterol, increasing the risk of forming blockages in arteries , resulting in heart attacks and strokes
exercise: exercise strengthens and englargens the heart. it improves our overall circulation and helps reduce body weight
82
describe the steps that you followed in order to identify and display the inner structures of the heart
1.Distinguish between the ventral (front) side and the dorsal (back) surface of the heat.
the front is more rounded and the thick walled arteries are on this side.
one of the coronaries also runs diagonally from the top right to the bottom left
2. we used a scalpel to make cuts one and two to open up the left ventricle and observe a very thick wall and tendons, and the bicuspid valve
3.cuts 3 and 4 opened the right ventricle : thinner wall, tendons and tricuspid valve
4. cuts 5 and 6 opened up the atria, thin walls and the bicuspid and tricuspid valves
5.cut 7: pulmonery artery; three flaps of semilunar valve
6: cut 8: aorta, second semilunar valve and beginning of coronary artery
83
lymph nodes
found along the lymph vessel - part of immune system
84
hepatic portal vein function
carries blood from intestine to liver
85
red blood cell
made in bone marrow , biconcave in shape , transports oxygen
86
what is the average pulse rate at rest
65-79 pbm
87
suggest a relationship between recovery time and a persons degree of physical fitness
recovery time decreases with increasing physical fitness
88
state procedure to expose semi lunar valve
cut aorta /pulmonery artery
89
name the blood vessel that returns blood from the heart to the lungs and the main gas transported in it
pulmonery vein
| oxygen
90
plasma
liquid part of blood
91
describe the structure of the lymphatic system
a one way system of dead ending vessels and lymph nodes
92
origin of coronary artery
aorta near semilunar valve
