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cell division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a haploid number

A

having one set of chormsomes

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2
Q

diploid number

A

having two sets of chromosomes

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3
Q

what are the four stages of mitosis

A

prophase, anaphase, metaphase and telophase

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4
Q

what is cancer

A

when cells lose the ability to control the rate and number of times mitosis takes place

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5
Q

one function of meiosis

A

to produce haploid gametes

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6
Q

where does meiosis occur

A

testes and ovaries

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7
Q

tissue culture

A

cells grown outside an organism

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8
Q

what type of cell division occurs in tissue culture

A

mitosis

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9
Q

give an application of tissue culture

A

monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer

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10
Q

cell continuity

A

all cells come from pre existing cells

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11
Q

cell division

A

cells divide by mitosis of meiosis

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12
Q

chromosome

A

coiled threads of DNA (which forms genes) and protein that become visible in the nucleus at cell division

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13
Q

chromatin

A

when a cell is not dividing, all chromsomes exist as long, thin threads called chromatin

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14
Q

cell cycle

A

changes that take place in a cell during the period between one cell division and the next

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15
Q

interphase

A

period when the cell isnt dividing

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16
Q

replicate

A

copy

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17
Q

cytokinesis

A

final stage in cell division when cell divides in two

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18
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled mitosis

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19
Q

mutation

A

a spontaneous change in a gene or chromsome number in a cell

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20
Q

carcinogen

A

cancer causing agents

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21
Q

centrioles

A

form the spindle fibres leading to cell division

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22
Q

spindle fibres

A

thread like structures that pull chromosomes apart

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23
Q

cleavage furrow

A

pinching in of cell membrane leading to formation of 2 separate cells

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24
Q

cell plate

A

vescicles of cellulose that form between 2 separating plant cells, leading to the formation of 2 separate cell walla

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25
Q

describe what happens during anaphase

A

spindle fibres contract and an equal number of chromosomes is pulled to each pole

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26
Q

state the main difference between cells resulting from mitosis and cells resulting from meiosis

A

cells resulting from mitosis have identical chromosome numbers to the parents, while cells resulting in meiosis have different chromosome numbers to the parents

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27
Q

which type of cell division produces cells that are different from the parent cell

A

meiosis

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28
Q

explain the importance of meiosis

A

produces haploid gametes_ allows for reproduction

variety in cells - prevents disease

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29
Q

where does mitosis take place

A

somatic cells - hair and nail cells

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30
Q

where does meiosis occur

A

ovaries and testes

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31
Q

what is a clone

A

an identical cell/organism produced by mitosis

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32
Q

outline the significance of mitosis in relation to cloning

A

all growth in cloning is a result of mitosis

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33
Q

give an example of the production of clones in nature

A

asexual reproduction in plants

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34
Q

one advantage and one disadvantage of using cloning in agriculture and horticulture

A

eg. micropropogation of crops eg broccoli
a- cheap way to produce large numbers of exactly similar plants
d- the whole crop is equally susceptable to disease

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35
Q

describe what happens in telophase

A

nuclear membrane forms around each of the two sets of chromosomes
the chromosomes elongate within each nucleus and become chromatin

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36
Q

name two possible causes of cancer

A

chemicals in cigarette smoke ad uv radiation

37
Q

possible methods of decreasing the chances of getting cancer

A

regular check ups- avoid carcinogenic substances

38
Q

why is cancer more common now than 80 years ago

A

more exposure to carcinogens

39
Q

in some countries people are tested regularly for common cancers. why is this a good thing

A

a lot of cancers can be cured if caught early on

40
Q

how many cells are formed when a cell divides by mitosis

A

2

41
Q

what is mitosis

A

a form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei, each containing the same number of chromosomes with identical genes

42
Q

function of mitosis in a single celled organism

A

reproduction

43
Q

function of mitosis in a multicellular organism

A

growth and repair

44
Q

state one way mitosis differs from meiosis

A

in mitosis two cells are formed, while in meiosis four cells are formed

45
Q

Give the names of two processes involving DNA which take place during interphase

A

chromosome duplication and uncoiling

46
Q

Describe telophase briefly in a plant cell

A

Cell plate formation of the two cell walls

47
Q

how much of the cell cycle is interphase

A

90 percent

48
Q

mitosis

A

a form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei, each containing the same number of genes with identical chromosomes

49
Q

haploid cell

A

has one set of chromosomes

50
Q

diploid cell

A

has two sets of chromsomes ie two of each type of chromsome in the nucleus

51
Q

express a cell with a diploid number of 4

A

2n = 4

52
Q

cell with a haploid number of 4

A

n=4

53
Q

homologous pair

A

two chromosomes of similar size with the same sequence of genes

54
Q

how are cells active during interphase

A

the cell produces new organelles - mitochondria and chloroplasts
it forms chemicals needed for growth - enzymes and other proteins

55
Q

what does the cell do just before interphase

A

chromsomes go from uncoiled to coiled and produce identical copies if themselves (chromosome duplication)

56
Q

what type of cells does mitosis take place in

A

somatic (none reproductive) cells

57
Q

ways in which mitosis differs from meiosis

A

four new cells/nuclei produced
variation/not identical
chromosome number halved

58
Q

name the two stages of the cell cycle

A

mitosis and interphase

59
Q

state the function of meiosis in multicellular organisms

A

produces haploid gametes

60
Q

describe what happens during anaphase

A

spindle fibres contract and the chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

61
Q

after telophase of mitosis how do 1.animal cells and 2.plant cells
split in two

A
  1. a cleavage furrow

2. cell plates form

62
Q

name the stage of mitosis in which chromatin begins to condense

A

prophase

63
Q

interphase

A

the part of the cell cycle during which no cell division takes place

64
Q

in what type of cell does a cleavage furrow form

A

animal cells

65
Q

two biomolecules that form during interphase

A

DNA and protein

66
Q

name two organelles replicated during interphase

A

mitochondrion and chloroplast

67
Q

give two changes that occur in the cell by the end of intephase

A

chromosomes become thick and coiled and spindle fibres begin to form

68
Q

why do human red blood cells not undergo cell division

A

they have no nucleus

69
Q

explain why chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell in anaphase

A

the spindle fibres contract

70
Q

distinguish between nucleus and nucleolus

A

nucleus controls the activities of a cell

nucleolus is found inside the nucleus

71
Q

distinguish between mitochondria and chloroplast

A

the mitochondria is involved in respiration/making energy

the chloroplast makes food by photosynthesis

72
Q

how much of the cell cycle does interphase account for

A

90%

73
Q

cell division in animal cells

A

cleavage furrow

74
Q

centromere

A

the point at which the chromosomes are attached in a double stranded chromsome

75
Q

cancer causing genes

A

oncogenes

76
Q

how many chromosomes in a cell which 2n = 4

A

4

77
Q

after telophase how do plant cells split in 2

A

cell plate formation

78
Q

which stage in mitosis does chromatin begin to condense

A

prophase

79
Q

interphase

A

the part of the cell cycle in which no cell division is taking place

80
Q

why do red blood cells not undergo cell division

A

they have no nucleus

81
Q

give to functions of meiosis

A

to produce haploid gametes and introduce variation

82
Q

give two cellular processes that occur during interphase

A

chromosome replication and protein synthesis

83
Q

prokaryote

A

has no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

84
Q

nucleus

A

controls the activities of the cell

85
Q

nucleolus

A

found inside the nucleus

86
Q

organ

A

group of tissues working together to carry out a similar function

87
Q

tissue

A

group of cells working together to carry out a similar function

88
Q

explain the term diploid number

A

chromosomes in pairs

89
Q

where are the chromsomes during metaphase

A

on the equator

Biology (17 decks)

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