Ecosystems

Question 1

Woodland ecosystem - Fauna

Answer 1

Owl, springtail, deer, centipede

Question 2

Woodland- flora

Answer 2

Arum lily, oak tree, ivy, holly, moss

Question 3

Grassland- flora

Answer 3

Daisy, grass, dandelion, clover, plantain

Question 4

Grassland- fauna

Answer 4

Slug, snail, field mouse, spider,earthworm

Question 5

Seashore - flora

Answer 5

Sea lettuce, bladder wrack, spiral wrack, oar weed, coral weed

Question 6

Seashore- fauna

Answer 6

Limpet, crab, dog whelk, blenny , starfish

Question 7

Bog- fauna

Answer 7

Mayfly nymph, pond skater, frog, beetle, flatworm

Question 8

Bog- flora

Answer 8

Sundew, lichen, ling heather, hummock sphagnum, feather moss

Question 9

Baermann funnel

Answer 9

Used to extract organisms, particularly nematodes from a soil sample
A muslin bag holds the soil sample which is suspended in water in a funnel. A light is switched on over the funnel, both light and heat cause the organisms to move out of the muslin bag and into the bottom of the funnel where they are collected for examination and identification

Question 10

Tullgren funnel

Answer 10

Used to extract organisms from leaf litter or soil. The animals are driven out of soil by heat from a lamp and fall through a wire gauze and are collected.

Question 11

Plankton net

Answer 11

This net has a fine nylon mesh that traps organisms such as small crustacea, some algae and protists. The net must be moved slowly through the surface of the water to allow the water to pass through the fine mesh. Small organisms are collected in the specimen tube at the end of the net.

Question 12

Sweep net

Answer 12

A strong net which is swept through long grass or water, and then inverted onto a tray or onto a bucket from where the organisms may be identified or transferred into a specimen bottle for identification in the laboratory.

Question 13

Pooter

Answer 13

Jar with a cover and two plastic tubes. The operator sucks through one of the tubes and small animals eg ants and greenflies are drawn into the specimen jar. The tube acting as the mouthpiece has a gauze filter at the end to prevent the animals being sucked into the operators mouth

Question 14

Cryptozoic trap

Answer 14

Piece of wood or stone which is left on the ground. After a while, animals such as slugs, woodlice, centipedes and millipedes will be found underneath.

Question 15

Small mammal trap

Answer 15

Eg a longworth trap, which is used to trap small mammals such as wood mice and bank voles. It consists of a two part aluminium box with a single entrance. Bedding is placed in the box along with bait. Once the animal is inside it trips a wire and closes the door behind it.

Question 16

Pitfall trap

Answer 16

A jam jar, paper cup or other suitable container is placed into a small hole in the ground. The container mouth must be be level with the ground. It can be partially hidden with twigs or leaf litter or covered with a flat stone raised on pebbles. Small arthropods fall into the trap.

Question 17

Beating tray

Answer 17

This may be simply a white tray, cotton sheet or large piece of white chart paper. It is placed under a bush, tree branch or other foliage. The bush, tree branch or foliage is shaken suddenly and vigorously. Insects and other invertebrates fall onto the tray.

Question 18

Longworth mammal trap

Answer 18

Used to trap small mammals, bait placed inside. Trap must be set late in the evening and the animal released by morning.

Question 19

Sweep net

Answer 19

Swept through long grass or at the edge pf a hedge. Used to catch insects.

Question 20

Frequency formula

Answer 20

Number of quadrats containing organism divided by number of quadrats thrown

Question 21

Total population formula

Answer 21

(Number of animals captured and marked on first visit x number captured on first visit) divided by number of marked animals in the recapture sample