The Heart Flashcards
1
Q
atri/o-
A
atrium
2
Q
brady-
A
slow
3
Q
tachy-
A
fast
4
Q
cardio-
A
heart
5
Q
coron-
A
crown
6
Q
myo-
A
mm
7
Q
peri-
A
around
8
Q
ventriculo-
A
little belly
9
Q
heart is located b/w the lungs w/in the _____
A
mediastinum
10
Q
the INF end of the heart formed by the L ventricle
A
apex
11
Q
SUP/POST portion of heart formed by the atria
A
base
12
Q
wrinkled pouch-like extensions that allow for increased volume in the atria
A
auricles
13
Q
the 3 sulci of the heart and what they separate
A
-coronary: junction of the atria and the ventricles encircling the heart
-ANT interventricular sulcus: R and L ventricles on the ANT surface
-POST interventricular sulcus: R and L ventricles on the POST surface
14
Q
what exits the ANT and SUP portion of the R ventricle and carries deoxy blood to the lungs
A
pulmonary trunk
15
Q
what are the only arteries in the body that carry deoxy blood
A
R and L pulmonary arteries
16
Q
what enters the L atrium superiorly and posteriorly and carries oxy blood from the lungs
A
pulmonary veins
17
Q
only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood to the heart
A
pulmonary veins
18
Q
the aorta exits what part of the heart
A
L ventricle
19
Q
deoxy blood enters the R atrium via which veins
A
SUP and INF vena cava
20
Q
3 layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep
A
-fibrous pericardium
-parietal pericardium
-visceral “
21
Q
the visceral pericardium is also known as the
A
epicardium
22
Q
the pericardial cavity is located b/w the _____ and _____ layers and has pericardial fluid that reduces _____
A
parietal and visceral, friction
23
Q
the heart wall consists of which three layers from outer to inner
A
epicardium (visceral pericardium)
myocardium
endocardium
24
Q
the endocardium is continuous w/ the _____, which lines all blood vessels
A
endothelium
25
what do valves do
prevent backflow of blood
26
the 4 heart valves
-R atrioventricular (AV) valve (tricuspid valve)
-L AV (bicuspid or mitral) valve
-pulmonary semilunar valve
-aortic semilunar valve
27
tendon-like cords that connect the AV valves to papillary mms
chordae tendinae
28
the oval depression in the interatrial septum
fossa ovalis
29
the fossa ovalis is the remnant of the
foramen ovale
30
hole b/w R and L atria in a fetus that allows for blood to bypass the non-functioning lungs
foramen ovale
31
the ____ ___ supply blood to the heart and come from the ascending aorta
coronary arteries
32
arteries arising from the arch of aorta (3)
- brachiocephalic trunk (branches into R common carotid and R subclavian)
- L common carotid artery
- L subclavian artery
33
connective tissue cord that connects the pulmonary trunk to aorta
ligamentum arteriosum
34
the ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of the ____ ____, a blood vessel of the fetus, which allowed blood to bypass lungs
ductus arteriosus
35
blood supply to the heart is also known as
coronary circulation
36
first two arteries that branch off the aorta
L and R coronary arteries
37
the cardiac veins drain into the ___ ___ and then into the R atrium
coronary sinus
38
connections between the branches of the left and right coronary arteries, called ___, which provide alternate routes for the blood to reach the various regions of the heart muscle
anastomoses
39
at rest __ L of blood is pumped per minute
5
40
cardiac mms need ____ to function
oxygen, they only function aerobically
41
_____ ____ are structures that connect adjacent heart mms fibers and contain desmosomes and gap junctions for increased coordination b/w fibers during contractions
intercalated discs
42
intercalated discs allow for ______ to spread over heart mm to allow for chambers to contract in unison
depolarization
43
cardiac mm contains more _____ than skel. mm
mitochondria
44
cardiac mms cells are _____ meaning they contract involuntarily
autorhythmic
45
specialized autorhythmic cells act as the ___ and form the rest of the conduction system for coordinated and effective contraction
pacemaker
46
Cardiac muscle does not need nervous system stimulation to beat (T or F)
T
47
5 regions of the conduction sys of heart
- SA (sinoatrial) node
- AV (atrioventricular) node
- bundle of His
- R and L bundle branches
- Purkinje fibres
48
the SA node is the _____ pacemaker and the VA node is the ____ pacemaker
primary, secondary
49
recording of electrical activity of heart that checks for normal conduction, damage, and enlarged heart
ECG
50
depolarization of atrial myocardium and signals onset of atrial contraction (ECG)
P wave
51
ventricular depolarization and signals onset of ventricular contraction. Masks repolarization of atria
QRS complex
52
repolarization of ventricles; precedes ventricular relaxation
T wave
53
all the events associated with one heartbeat
cardiac cycle
54
systole is the _____ phase of the heart beat, whereas, diastole is the ____ phase of the heart beat
contraction, relaxation
55
act of listening to sounds within the body is called ____
auscultation
56
the 1st "lubb" sound of the heart is d/t the closing of the ___ valves as ventricular ____ begins
AV, systole
57
the 2nd "dupp" sound of the heart is d/t the closing of the ___ valves at the beginning of ventricular ____
semilunar, diastole
58
___ ___ is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute
cardiac output
59
average heart rate is ____bmp and stroke volume is ___ml. Which are multiplied together to form the cardiac output of ~____L/min
70, 70, 4.9
60
volume of blood that flows through the systemic and pulmonary circulations per min
~5L
61
___ ____ is a measure of how much the heart can increase its output in response to physical activity or other demands and is ~4-5X the resting ___ ___
cardiac reserve, cardiac output
62
4 things that influence the autonomic control of heart rate
-limbic sys
-baroceptors
-chemoreceptors
-proprioceptors
63
autonomic control of heart rate is controlled by the cardiovascular control center located in the ____ ____
medulla oblongata
64
dizziness or lightheadedness after standing
orthostatic hypotension
65
autonomic control of heart rate is affected by both _____ and ____ stimulation
sympathetic, and parasympathetic
66
sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate by way of the ____ ____ nerves
cardiac accelerator
67
parasympathetic stim. decreases heart rate by way of the ____ nerve
vagus
68
both the cardiac accelerator and vagus nerves arise from the ____ ___ of the medulla oblongata
cardiovascular center
69
factors that regulate heart rate (3) (3rd is broad and covers several things)
1. Autonomic Control:
- sympathetic stim.
- parasympathetic stim.
2. Chemical Regulation of Heart Rate:
- decreased O2, acidosis, alkalosis
- hormones: epinephrine, thyroid
3. Others:
- age
- gender
- fitness
- body temp
70
name several risks factors for heart disease
age
heredity
gender
race
high BP
lipid profile
diet high in sat. fat, low fruits & veg
lack of exercise
smoking
excess alcohol
diabetes
obesity
stress
71
a situation in which cardiac mm tissue is damaged b/c of inadequate blood flow to the heart
coronary artery disease
72
hardening of arteries
arteriosclerosis
73
disease of arteries in which fatty lesions called atherosclerotic plaques build up in their walls making the vessels inelastic and brittle (a form of arteriosclerosis)
atherosclerosis
athero- "porridge"
sclerosis- "hardening"
74
chest pain due to reduced blood flow to heart via coronary arteries
angina pectoris
75
another name for heart attack. Typically what causes a heart attack (2)
myocardial infarction (MI), thrombus or embolus
76
platelets sticking, deposition of LDLs, inflammation causing scar tissue to form, and calcium deposition all combine to form _____ ____
atherosclerotic plaque
77
____ are used to determine the % of narrowing of arteries
angiograms
78
damage to vessels and atherosclerotic plaques form a rough surface which can also cause a ____ to form which could dislodge forming an ____.
thrombus, embolus
79
reduction of blood flow to the heart mm often d/t blockage of coronary arteries
ischemia
80
reduced oxygen supply to tissue w/out killing cells
hypoxia
81
if pt has ischemia but not accompanying angina pectoris then there is no warning before a heart attack. This is called ___ ___ ___
silent myocardial ischemia
82
abnormality or irregularity in heart rhythm
arrhythmia
83
varieties of arrhythmias (4)
-atrial fibrillation
-ventricular fibrillation
-tachycardia, bradycardia, PVCs (pre-ventricular contractions, "skipped beats")
-ectopic pacemaker
84
Asynchronous atrial contractions so that they quiver instead of pump. Similarly, what is this condition called when involving the ventricles
atrial fibrillation (reduces pumping ability of heart, and associated with clotting) , ventricular fibrillation (death is imminent unless treated by defibrillation)
85
when one side of the heart (ventricle) is damaged, it doesn't pump with same efficiency as other side causing either pulmonary or peripheral edema depending on the affected ventricle
congestive heart failure
86
a less-than-normal amount of blood flow to part of your body. This lack of blood flow means your tissues aren't getting the oxygen they need. This can happen in various organs, like your heart and brain, and can lead to life-threatening conditions like heart attacks and strokes.
ischemia
