Endocrine Sys

Question 1

adeno-

Answer 1

gland

Question 2

adren-

Answer 2

adrenal gland

Question 3

andro-

Answer 3

male

Question 4

crino-

Answer 4

to secrete, sift

Question 5

cortico-

Answer 5

bark or outer layer

Question 6

endo-

Answer 6

w/in

Question 7

gluco-

Answer 7

sugar

Question 8

glyco-

Answer 8

sugar

Question 9

hormono-

Answer 9

hormone

Question 10

insipid-

Answer 10

w/out taste

Question 11

para-

Answer 11

near

Question 12

thymo-

Answer 12

thymus gland

Question 13

thyro-

Answer 13

thyroid gland, shield

Question 14

-tropin

Answer 14

target

Question 15

______ ______ receive info in the form of a chem. messenger in the blood which causes them to secrete its own specific hormonal signal into the blood

Answer 15

endocrine cells

Question 16

cell that functions as an interface b/w the nervous and endocrine sys. It’s a nerve cell but secretes hormones into the blood

Answer 16

neuroendocrine cell

Question 17

a neuron can only communicate w/ the specific cell it forms a synapse with. But hormones are carried to nearly _____ ____ in the body

Answer 17

every cell

Question 18

effects of neuronal action potentials (3)

Answer 18

stimulate another nerve, glandular secretions, and mm contraction

Question 19

effects of hormones

Answer 19

change metabolic rxns in cells (homeostasis, metabolism, secretions by glands, regulation of immune sys, growth and development, reproduction)

Question 20

hormones are ____ ____ that’re released into the ____ sys in very low quantities that elicit a response upon reaching the target cells

Answer 20

chem. messengers, circulatory

Question 21

2 types of glands and feats for each

Answer 21

endocrine: lack ducts b/c their products (hormones) are released directly into interstitial fluid which ends up in circ sys

exocrine: secrete products (saliva, sweat, sebum) into ducts or body surface

Question 22

circulating hormones that’re transported through blood to distant target cells

Answer 22

endocrine hormones

Question 23

hormones released very close to their target cells. Travels through interstitial fluid but not blood

Answer 23

local hormones

Question 24

two categories of local hormones

Answer 24

autocrine and paracrine

Question 25

hormone that acts on other neighboring cells

Answer 25

paracrine

Question 26

local hormones that act on the same cell which secreted them

Answer 26

autocrine

Question 27

4 principle classes of hormones

Answer 27

steroids amines peptides/proteins eicosanoids

Question 28

feat and ex. of steroid hormone

Answer 28

derived from cholesterol and therefore fat soluble ex. test, estrogen, cortisol, vit. D, aldosterone

Question 29

feat and ex. of amine hormone

Answer 29

tiny and simples derivatives of amino acids ex. thyroid hormone, epinephrine

Question 30

feat and ex. of peptide/protein hormones

Answer 30

consists of chain of aa's ex. insulin

Question 31

feat and ex. of eicosanoid hormones

Answer 31

derived from a 20 carbon fatty acid chain called arachiodonic acid and acts as paracrine or autocrine hormones in most tissues of body. Prostaglandins promote inflammation, regulate body temperature, influence blood clot formation ex. prostaglandins, NSAIDS block prostaglandin production

Question 32

eicosanoids that promote inflammation, regulate body temp, and influence blood clot formation

Answer 32

prostaglandins

Question 33

2 possible problems that occur during the transportation of hormones in blood

Answer 33

1. some are only slightly soluble in blood (fat soluble) 2. some are so sm. they can be lost in urine

Question 34

3 functions of transport proteins

Answer 34

1. improve transportability of fat soluble hormones by making them temporarily water soluble 2. reduce the elimination of sm. hormone mlcs from the kidney via urine 3. provide a reserve of hormone in the blood

Question 35

4 mechanisms by which the degradation and elimination of hormones can occur

Answer 35

1. liver (mostly steroids) 2. kidney (many peptide hormones) 3. degrading enzymes circulating in the blood will act on fast acting hormones (epinephrine) and then peed out 4. degradation w/in target cell (lg. peptide hormones like insulin)

Question 36

in adults HGH promotes maintenance of _____ and ____

Answer 36

bones and mm

Question 37

para-

Answer 37

beside

Question 38

water soluble hormones bind to ____ receptors and cause the release _____ _____ inside the cell

Answer 38

surface, second messenger

Question 39

lipid soluble hormones (steroids) enter the _____ and alter ____ ____

Answer 39

nucleus, gene expression

Question 40

when a hormone is present in excess, the number of receptors may decrease. Down regulation can sometimes prevent overstimulation of a gland or tissue

Answer 40

down regulation

Question 41

when a hormone is deficient, the number of receptors may increase. This makes a target tissue more sensitive to a hormone

Answer 41

up regulation

Question 42

Previous exposure to another hormone enhances the response of the target cell to a second hormone, possibly by increasing the numbers of receptor molecules

Answer 42

permissive effect

Question 43

two or more hormones interact to produce the effect

Answer 43

synergistic effect

Question 44

two hormones have the opposite effect on the target cells

Answer 44

antagonistic effect ie) insulin increases glucose conversion to glycogen in the liver (glycogenesis), while glucagon increases glycogen breakdown into glucose (glycogenolysis)

Question 45

Normally hormonal homeostasis is maintained by _______ feedback mechanisms, with the exception of _____ feedback mechanisms to maintain uterine contractions (oxytocin)

Answer 45

negative, positive

Question 46

structure in brain that's the master controller involved in maintaining homeostasis

Answer 46

hypothalamus

Question 47

the endocrine and nervous system are link by which brain structure

Answer 47

hypothalamus

Question 48

the ______ secretes releasing and inhibitory hormones

Answer 48

hypothalamus

Question 49

insulin comes from ____ cells and glucagon comes from ____ cells

Answer 49

beta, alpha

Question 50

which hormone(s) are stimulated when you have low blood sugar and what do they do

Answer 50

glucagon, cortisol, T3/T4, adrenalin, hGH increases blood sugar

Question 51

which hormone(s) are stimulated when you have high blood sugar

Answer 51

insulin

Question 52

Canadian scientists who invented insulin

Answer 52

Banting and Best

Question 53

hypothalamus exerts control over the release of anterior pituitary hormones by producing _____ which act on the anterior pituitary

Answer 53

hormones

Question 54

hypothalamus exerts control over the release of posterior pituitary hormones by generating _____ _____ which act on the posterior pituitary

Answer 54

action potentials

Question 55

another word for pituitary gland

Answer 55

hypophysis

Question 56

ACTH

Answer 56

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 57

CRH

Answer 57

corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 58

TRH

Answer 58

thyrotropin releasing hormone

Question 59

TSH

Answer 59

thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 60

GnRH

Answer 60

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 61

LH and FSH

Answer 61

leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Question 62

GHIH

Answer 62

growth hormone inhibiting hormone

Question 63

hGH

Answer 63

human growth hormone

Question 64

GHRH

Answer 64

growth hormone releasing hormone

Question 65

PRH and PIH

Answer 65

prolactin releasing hormone and prolactin inhibitory hormone