Blood vessels and Hemodynamics Flashcards
1
Q
angi/o-
A
vessel
2
Q
aort/o-
A
aorta
3
Q
arteri/o-
A
artery
4
Q
ather/o-
A
gruel or plaque
5
Q
phleb/o-
A
vein
6
Q
port-
A
to carry
7
Q
sphygmo-
A
pulse
8
Q
tunica
A
sheath, coat
9
Q
vas/o-
A
vessel
10
Q
ven/o-
A
vein
11
Q
vessels which supply O2 and nutrients to larger arteries and veins
A
vasa vasorum
12
Q
inner layer simple endothelium surrounded by a basement membrane, surrounded by an internal elastic lamina
A
tunica interna (intima)
13
Q
middle layer of elastic and smooth muscle fibers. In muscular arteries, it is surrounded by an external elastic lamina which separates it from tunica externa
A
tunica media
14
Q
outermost layer consists of elastic and collagen fibers
A
tunica externa (adventitia)
15
Q
3 types of arteries
A
- Elastic (conducting)
- muscular (distributing)
- anastomosis
16
Q
feats of elastic arteries and an ex
A
-serve as a pressure reservoir which absorbs pressure so that the smaller diameter vessels further away don’t rupture
-conduct blood from heart to medium size arteries
-more elastic fibers
-aorta, carotid arteries, common iliac artery
17
Q
feats of muscular arteries and ex
A
- medium sized, thick-walled, distribute blood from lrg arteries to body parts
- capable of vasoconstriction and vasodilation to regulate blood flow to structures
- axillary, brachial, radial, femoral
18
Q
feat of anastomoses
A
- when branches of two or more arteries supplying same body region are joined
19
Q
an alternate route supplied by anastomosis is called
A
collateral circulation
20
Q
fenestra
A
window
21
Q
leads from the arteriole to the capillary bed
A
metarteriole
22
Q
metarteriole that continues to pass through the capillary bed
A
thoroughfare channel
23
Q
____ ____ are found where the capillaries branch off the metarteriole
A
precapillary sphincters
24
Q
vessels with single layer squamous epithelial cells w/ basement membrane
A
capillaries
25
intermittent contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincter and metarterioles; happens 5-10 times/min
vasomotion
26
_____ causes blood to flow intermittently through capillary networks
vasomotion
27
3 types of capillaries
continuous caps. (most common), fenestrated caps., and sinusoids
28
feats of continuous caps. (2)
- plasma membrane forms a continuous ring around capillary except for intercellular clefts
- sm. mlcs (O2, CO2) can pass through, formed elements and medium proteins cant
-continuous basement layer
29
type of capillary with many pores, continuous basement membrane, allows almost everything to pass through pores besides formed elements and lrg. proteins
fenestrated capillaries
30
type of capillary that's winding and wider than normal capillaries, has lrg. clefts or spaces b/w endothelial cells that allow everything to cross, incomplete basement membrane
sinusoids
31
4 ways materials pass through capillary walls
1. directly across endothelial membranes through bilayer or via transport mlcs (continuous capillaries)
2. pinocytic vesicles (continuous capillaries)
3. fenestrations
4. intercellular clefts
32
PROX and DIST venules are named for their proximity to ____
capillaries
33
3 veins that return deoxy blood to R atrium
coronary sinus- blood from myocardium
INF vena cava
SUP vena cava
34
in veins the ___ ___ is thinner than arteries, the ___ ___ is much thinner w/ few smooth mms and elastic fibers, and the ___ ___ is the thickest layer consisting of collagen and elastic fibers
tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa
35
three mechanisms or structures that aid in venous return
valves, skeletal mm pumps, respiratory pump
36
veins w/ thin endothelial wall and no smooth mm, tunica media are replaced w/ strong dense connective tissue
vascular or venous sinuses
37
blood reservoirs are storage depots for blood and at any time hold roughly __ of our blood. which vessels are these reservoirs
2/3, veins/venules
38
mvt of materials in capillary exchange occur by what (3)
diffusion
vesicular transport
bulk flow
39
most important method of solute exchange
simple diffusion
40
water-soluble mlcs can diffuse quickly through ___ but not simple ___ b/c water is not fat-soluble
fenestrations, diffusion
41
brain capillary endothelial cells are non-fenestrated and the intercellular clefts are sealed closed by tight junctions
blood brain barrier
42
another word for vesicular transport
transcytosis
43
capillary exchange that is important for regulating the balance of blood and interstitial fluid volumes, rates of mvt are greater than rate of mvt by diffusion
bulk flow
44
capillary exchange law that states that the rates of filtration and re-absorption are almost equal
Starling's Law of the Capillaries
45
4 different pressures involved in bulk flow
1. blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
2. interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)
3. blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
4. interstitial fluid osmotic pressur (IFOP)
46
suspension of particles in a liquid
colloid
47
feats of blood hydrostatic pressure (3)
- pressure exerted by blood against cap. walls
- ~35mmHg at arterial end of cap
- ~16mmHg at venous end of cap
48
feats of interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (2)
-pressure exerted on outside of cap. by interstitial fluid
- ~ 0mmHg
49
feats of blood colloid osmotic pressure (2)
- a force caused by large plasma proteins, primarily albumen, which pulls fluid from interstitial spaces into caps.
- ~26mmHg
50
feats of interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (2)
- sm. amount of protein in interstitial space that theoretically would pull fluid from caps into interstitial spaces
- ~ 1mmHg
51
(BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP) = ___ ___ ___
net filtration pressure
52
at the arterial end of cap. there is a ___ ___ ___ from inside cap. into interstitial space w/ ~ ___mmHg of pressure. At the venous end there is a ___ ___ ___ w/ ~ ___mmHg of pressure.
net outward force, 10
net inward force, -9
53
the net inward force at the venous end of cap. is called
reabsorption
54
the net outward force at the arterial end of cap. is called
filtration
55
daily litres of fluid filtered out and reabsorbed by capillaries, how many litres enter lymphatic system
20L, 17L, 3L respectively
56
abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume
edema
57
4 causes of edema
- increased blood pressure causes more fluid to be filtered
- decreased concentration of plasma proteins (thus decreases BCOP so doesn't pull as much interstitial fluid back in)
- increased permeability of caps. (inflammation)
- blockage of lymph vessels
58
factors affecting blood flow
hemodynamics
59
several things that decrease BP
-drugs
- decreased salt intake
- decreased weight
- M
- DDB (meditation)
- time w/ pets
- emptying bladder
- sitting still
60
5 factors affecting blood flow
-velocity of blood flow
-volume of blood
-BP
-resistance
-venous return
61
___ have the largest total cross sectional area of all the vessels and therefore results in the lowest velocity of blood flow
capillaries
62
volume of blood flow is dependent of 2 things
BP and resistance (friction from vessel walls)
63
hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the wall of a blood vessel
BP
64
BP at these various areas in mmHg:
-systole
-diastole
-entering capillaries
-exiting caps
-entering R atrium
-systole: 120 or 110
-diastole: 80 or 70
-entering capillaries: 35
-exiting caps: 16
-entering R atrium: ~0
65
resistance of blood flow depends on what 3 things
blood viscosity
blood vessel length
blood vessel radius
66
blood viscosity depends primarily on the _____
hematocrit
67
hematocrit is calculated by dividing the number of ___ ___ ___ by the ___ of blood
red blood cells, volume
68
term for all the vascular resistance offered by systemic blood vessels. (total peripheral resistance)
systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
69
volume of blood flowing back to the heart from the systemic circulation
venous return
70
volume of venous return depends on the ___ ___ b/w venules and the R atrium
pressure gradient
71
2 pumps that aid venous return
skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump
72
involves the valves in the veins of the legs as well as alternating compression and decompression of the veins
skeletal mm pump (the resp. pump functions in the same way)
73
several ___ ___ systems control blood pressure by adjusting HR, stroke volume, systemic vascular resistance and blood volume
negative feedback
74
the cardiovascular control centre regulates what (3)
heart rate
heart contractility
blood vessel diameter
75
cardiovascular center receives input from what
-higher brain centers: cerebral cortex, limbic sys., hypothalamus
-sensory receptors: baroceptors, chemoreceptors
76
impulses to the heart from the cardiac accelerator nerves increases ___ ___ and ___
heart rate, contractility
77
a moderate level of tonic contraction of smooth mm in the arterioles throughout the body setting a resting level of systemic vascular resistance
vasomotor tone
78
vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the muscular arteries, arterioles, metarterioles and precapillary sphincters throughout the body occurs via sympathetic impulses by vasomotor nerves. This is especially the case with vessels of the ___ and ___
skin and abdominal
79
parasympathetic impulses to the heart via the vagus nerves ___ heart rate
decease
80
sensory receptors that monitor stretching of walls of vessels and atria
baroceptors
81
baroceptors operate via what mechanism
negative feedback system
82
the aortic reflex maintains general systemic ___ ___ and the baroceptors are found in the ___ of the ___
blood pressure, arch of the aorta
83
the carotid reflex maintains ___ ___ of the ___ and the baroceptors are found in the ___ sinus located in the internal carotid arteries
blood pressure of the brain, carotid
84
