Intro to the Nervous Sys Flashcards
1
Q
The branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous sys
A
Neurology
2
Q
another word for electrical signals
A
action potentials
3
Q
3 basic funcs of nervous sys
A
- sensory function
- integrative func
- motor func
4
Q
sensory receptors sense _____ inside or outside the body
A
stimuli
5
Q
sensory neurons are part of the _____ and send impulses (_____) to the ____
A
PNS, input, CNS
6
Q
what does the integrative func of the nervous sys do
A
analyzes the sensory info and determines appropriate response
7
Q
where does the integrative func of the nervous sys take place
A
CNS
8
Q
neurons that bridge sensory neurons and motor neurons
A
interneurons
9
Q
_____ _____ responds to sensory info after _____. Impulses are sent ____ from the CNS towards mms or glands (output)
A
motor function, integration, away
10
Q
types of nervous tissue (2)
A
neuroglia, neurons
11
Q
neuroglia are _____ cells of nervous tissue
A
support
12
Q
4 examples of neuroglia
A
- astrocytes
- microglia
- oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)
- ependymal cells
13
Q
Neuroglia that supports and protects neurons, helps form the blood brain barrier
A
astrocytes
14
Q
neuroglia that phagocytizes microbes or injured nerve tissue
A
microglia
15
Q
neuroglia that lays down myelin around axons
A
CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann Cells
16
Q
gaps b/w myelin
A
nodes of Ranvier
17
Q
neuroglia that produces cerebral spinal fluid
A
ependymal cells
18
Q
what’re axon side branches called
A
axon collaterals
19
Q
axons and collaterals end by dividing into many axon _______
A
terminals
20
Q
synapse with a gland cell
A
neuroglandular junction
21
Q
synapse with a mm cell
A
neuromuscular junction
22
Q
axons _____ _______ away from the cell body to another neuron
A
conduct impulses
23
Q
cytoplasm of axon
A
axoplasm
24
Q
plasma membrane of an axon
A
axolemma
25
bundle of myelinated axons in peripheral nervous sys covered with connective tissue
nerve
26
bundle of myelinated axons in CNS which lack a protective connective tissue covering
tracts
27
structural classification of neurons (3)
multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
28
nerve fiber refers to what (2)
axon, dendrite
29
feats of multipolar neuron (2)
most common, many dendrites coming off cell body
30
feats of bipolar neuron (2)
one dendrite and one axon coming off cell body, found in retina of eye
31
feats of unipolar neurons (2)
only one process emerging from cell body, always somatic sensory neurons
32
functional classification of neurons (3)
- afferent (sensory) neurons
- interneurons OR association neurons
- efferent (motor) neurons
33
voltage difference b/w the inside and outside of an excitable cell
resting membrane potential
34
the resting membrane potential of a neuron is
-70mV
35
the inside of a neuron is ______ relative to the more ______ outside and is therefore _______
negative, positive, polarized
36
an action potential (AP) is a ______ of resting membrane potential
reversal
37
inside of plasma membrane becomes less (-) due to influx of Na+. If change reaches ______, lots more Na+ rushes into cell causing _______
threshold, depolarization
38
Na+ stops moving into cell, K+ rushes out of cell causing inside to become more negative
repolarization
39
Na+/K+ pump re-establishes _______ _______ _______
resting membrane potential
40
APs do not move along the membrane. There's a new AP at each successive location
propagation
41
threshold is what voltage
-55mV
42
when a neuron communicates with another neuron via neurotransmitters, it is referred to as a ______ ______
chemical synapse
43
type of synapse where axons connect to dendrites using connexons of gap junctions
electrical synapses
44
conscious or unconscious awareness of internal or external stimuli
sensation
45
classification of sensory receptors based on location (3)
exteroceptors
interoceptors
proprioceptors
46
5 exteroceptors
touch receptors
pressure
vibration
thermal sensations
nociceptors
47
exteroceptors are found on or ____ the ____ ______ and detect what (8)
near, body surface
1. visual
2. smell
3. taste
4. touch
5. pressure
6. vibration
7. temp
8. pain
48
2 examples of touch receptors
-corpuscles of touch or Meissner corpuscles
-hair root plexuses
49
pressure is felt by the _______ corpuscles
Pacinian (lamellated)
50
vibration is felt by the ______ and ______ corpuscles
Meissner and Pacinian
51
thermal receptors include both _____ and ____ receptors
cold and warm
52
what exteroceptors detect P
nociceptors
53
interoceptors are located _____ the body and include _______ and _______ which together detect stimuli associated with ____ _____, ______ organs, and the _____ sys
within, baroceptors, and chemoreceptors, blood vessels, visceral, nervous
54
what do baroceptors and chemoreceptors detect
baroceptors detect stretch in smooth mm and chemoreceptors detect chemical changes in body fluid
55
proprioceptors are located in ____, _____, and ____ as well as the inner ear and detect _____ _______ and _____
mms, tendons, jts, body position, mvt
56
proprioceptors detect body position and mvt through detecting ___ ____ and _____ and position and ___ of jts
mm length and tension, mvt
57
examples of proprioceptors
- mm spindles (detect stretch)
-golgi tendon organs (gives info to CNS regarding the force of contraction)
- jt kinesthetic receptors (acceleration/deceleration of jts, pain)
58
classification of sensory receptors based on stimulus (5)
1. mechanoreceptors
2. thermoreceptors
3. nociceptors
4. photoreceptors
5. chemoreceptors
59
PNS is subdivided into (3)
somatic nervous sys (SNS)
autonomic nervous sys (ANS)
enteric nervous sys (ENS)
60
ANS is further divided into (2)
parasympathetic nervous sys
sympathetic nervous sys
61
why is white matter white
concentration of myelinated axons ---> myelin in fat which is white
62
orientation of white and grey matter in spinal cord and brain
spinal cord: grey inner layer and white outer layer
brain: grey outer and white inner
63
the ___ registers sensation, analyses them, makes a decision and initiates an action
brain
64
major regions of brain (4)
cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brain stem
65
the ______ _____ is the largest portion of the brain
cerebral cortex
66
4 major lobes of the cerebral cortex and a func. for each
frontal lobes: thinking, reasoning, personality, intelligence
parietal lobes: language
temporal lobes: hearing, smell
occipital lobes: interpretation of visual stimuli
67
part of the inner white matter in brain that communicates b/w L and R hemispheres
corpus callosum
68
part of the cerebrum involved in control of lg, automatic mm mvts and mm tone. This part is affect with Parkinson's leading to shaking
basal ganglia
69
your cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the ______
cerebrum
70
"emotional part" of the cerebrum. Includes amygdala (emotional responses to stimuli) and the hippocampus (new memory creation)
limbic sys
71
3 key structures in diencephalon
Thalamus
pituitary gland and hypothalamus
72
major relay station for most sensory impulses
thalamus
73
structure in the diencephalon that releases hormones
pituitary gland
74
comms sys b/w endocrine sys and nervous sys
hypothalamus
75
major region of brain involved in unconscious regulation of balance and hand-eye co-ordination and posture
cerebellum
76
maj region of brain that involves the pons, medulla oblongata and midbrain
brainstem
77
thickened stalk at the base of the brain that controls subconscious activitites like resp., BP, and heart rate
medulla oblongata
78
w/in the medulla oblongata is the _____ _____ _____ that wakes up your cerebrum each morning
reticular activating center
79
2 funcs of the spinal cord
-integrates simple responses to certain stimuli (reflexes)
-relays info to and from the brain
80
fast, automatic, pre-programmed responses to int or ext stimuli
reflexes
81
most basic form of response to stimuli that does not require brain input
spinal reflexes
82
components of reflex arc starting at the periphery (5)
1. sensory organ (affector)
2. sensory neuron
3. associated neuron (interneuron)
4. motor neuron
5. effector (mm or gland)
83
2 examples of reflexes
somatic reflex (ext stimuli, effectors are skel. mms)
autonomic reflex (int stimuli, effectors are smooth mm and glands)
84
3 meningeal layers from superficial to deep
dura mater
arachnoid layer
pia mater
85
meningeal layer w/ cerebrospinal fluid beneath it.
arachnoid layer
86
delicate meningeal layer w/ blood capillaries adhered to the brain's surface
pia mater
87
3 division of the peripheral nervous sys
somatic
autonomic
enteric
88
what 2 types of neurons does the somatic nervous sys consist of
somatic sensory neurons
somatic motor neurons
89
somatic motor neurons convey info to _____ ____ only
skel. mms
90
responses in the SNS are _____
voluntary
note: diaphragm both voluntary and involuntary
91
ANS consists of what 2 types of neurons
visceral sensory neurons
visceral motor neurons
92
visceral motor neurons conduct impulses from the CNS to ______, ______, and ______.
smooth mm, cardiac mm, glands
93
motor responses in the ANS are ______
involuntary
94
ANS divided into (2)
sympathetic division
parasympathetic division
95
nerve impulses of the sympathetic division of the ANS promote _____ _____ which in turn helps us w/ our _____ _ _____ response
energy expenditure,
fight-or-flight
96
nerves for the sympathetic division of our ANS arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. What's this called
thoracolumbar outflow
97
nerve impulses from the parasympathetic division of the ANS promote _____ ______. This division is known as the _____ and _____ sys. The nerves for this division arise directly from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord and is therefore known as ________ ______.
energy conservation, rest and digest, craniosacral outflow
98
important n from the parasympathetic division
vagus
99
the enteric sys is the nervous sys of the ____
gut
100
motor neurons of the ENS innervate the gut wall and stimulate _______ ______ _______ and innervate glands to regulate production of _______or ____ _____
smooth muscle contractions, secretions or gut hormones
101
cranial nerves (OOOTTAFVGVAH)
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
102
how many spinal nerve pairs and how many per division into spinal segments
31 pairs; 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
103
the anterior or ventral rami of all nerves form plexuses except ____-____
T2-T12
