Nervous Sys: Special Senses Flashcards
1
Q
water
A
aqua-
2
Q
Cochl-
A
snail-shaped
3
Q
taste
A
gusto-
4
Q
med-
A
middle
5
Q
oculo-
A
eye
6
Q
olfacto-
A
smell
7
Q
ophthalm-
A
eye
8
Q
opt-
A
eye
9
Q
ossi-
A
bone
10
Q
presby-
A
old
11
Q
rhino-
A
nose
12
Q
sclera
A
hard
13
Q
tympan-
A
drum
14
Q
vitr-
A
glassy
15
Q
smell and taste are ______ senses
A
primitive
16
Q
chemicals that have odor
A
odorants
17
Q
_____ ___ or cilia project from the dendrites (free nerve endings) of sensory neurons into the mucus layer covering the nasal epithelium in the nasal cavity
A
olfactory hairs
18
Q
5 distinct taste sensations
A
salty
sweet
sour
bitter
umami
19
Q
Impaired sense of smell, due to aging, smoking, head injuries, brain tumors, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson Disease, medications
A
Hyposmia
20
Q
the receptors for taste are called ______ ______ cells and are located in taste buds and have long microvillus or ________ ____ which projects to the surface of the bud through a taste pore
A
gustatory receptor,
gustatory hairs (one per receptor)
21
Q
taste buds are found on the soft palate, pharynx and especially elevations of the tongue called ______
A
papillae
22
Q
where are more than half of the sensory receptors in body located
A
the eyes
23
Q
3 important structures of the eye
A
eyelid
eyebrows and eyelashes
lacrimal apparatus
24
Q
skel mms that move the eye for tracking
A
extrinsic eye mms
25
name 8 of the 11 of the structures of the eye
1. conjunctiva
2. cornea
3. aqueous chamber
4. vitreous chamber
5. lens
6. iris
7. pupil
8. sclera
9. retina
10. intrinsic eye mms
11. optic disc or blind spot
26
2 kinds of photoreceptors of the eyes
rods (black and white) and cones (colour)
27
over ___% of your sensory receptors are in your ____
50, eye
28
what does palpebral mean
eyelid
29
small pit or depression
fovea
30
yellow spot
macula (spot) lutea (yellow)
31
the _____ holds the shape of the eyeball
sclera
32
when the ciliary mms of the eye contract it pulls of the ______ ligs which causes the lens to _____, which enables us to focus on _____ objects
suspensory, round, near
33
a flattened lens allows us to focus on ____ objects
far
34
sclera, choroid, retina is in order of ____ to ____
outside to inside
35
delicate membrane covering the sclera eyeball and the inside of the eyelid, can swell with allergies
conjunctiva
36
curved, transparent layer of nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium used for focusing light (not adjustable)
cornea
37
located between the cornea and the lens, filled with fluid aqueous humor that nourishes the lens
site where glaucoma occurs (build up of pressure)
aqueous chamber
38
Produces and drains lacrimal fluid or tears
lacrimal apparatus
39
located between the lens and the retina and is filled with jellylike vitreous body (aka vitreous homour) which keeps the retina attached to the underlying layers
vitreous chamber
40
transparent, crystalline structure made of protein which focuses light on the retina
lens
41
change the shape of the lens near and far vision (accommodation)
suspensory ligs
42
regulates the diameter of the pupil (autonomic control); contains circular (constriction) and radial (dilation) muscles
iris
43
where light enters the eyeball
dilates to increase amount of light
constrict to decrease the amount of light
pupil
44
this tough, connective tissue layer of the eyeball is the “white” of the eye which gives shape to the eyball by completely surrounding the eye (except for the cornea)
sclera
45
contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) which are stimulated by light
note the macula lutea and central fovea (fovea centralis)
retina
46
smooth muscle to adjust the curvature of the lens and adjust the diameter of the pupil (radial and circular muscles of the iris)
intrinsic eye mms
47
site where the optic nerve exits the eyeball
blind spot or optic disc
48
pupil constricts as ______ mms of the iris contract. Typically happens w/ bright light or during parasympathetic activation
circular
49
pupil dilates as ____ mms of the iris contract. Occurs when we're in a sympathetic state
radial
50
ability of lens to change shape
accomodation
51
wandering eye; eyes to not track together (lazy eye)
strabismus
52
rapid, involuntary eye movements
CNS problem or congenital
nystagmus
53
a common cause of blindness due to loss of transparency of the lens (cloudy)
cataracts
54
abnormally high intraocular pressure due to buildup of aqueous humor in the eyeball
glaucoma
55
age-related degeneration of the retina where the most concentration of cones for visual acuity are located (macula lutea)
macular degeneration
56
loss of functional rods for detecting dim light or vitamin A deficiency
night blindness
57
genetic defect resulting in absence of red or green cones is the most common
sex-linked so more common in males
colour blindness
58
feats of cone receptors (2)
-colour
-higher concentration at macula lutea--> fovea centralis
59
feats of rod receptors
-located more on the periphery of the retina
-discriminates b/w shades of light and dark
-detects shapes and mvt
60
minimum distance you can focus on an object which is approximately 10 cm as a young adult and increases with age presbyopia
near point accommodation
61
visual pathway (5)
retina>optic n>optic chiasma>optic tracts>occipital lobe of cerebral cortex
62
4 disorders of refraction
presbyopia
myopia
hyperopia
astigmatism
63
structures of ext ear (3)
-auricle (pinna)
-ext auditory canal (meatus)
-eardrum (tympanic membrane)
64
path of vibration (sound waves) into and through ear structures
NOT DONE
auricle funnels sound waves into ext auditory canal--> ear drum (tympanic membrane)--> auditory ossicles-->
65
structures of middle ear (3)
-auditory ossicles
-oval windows
-auditory or Eustachian tube
66
ear structure that separates the middle ear from the inner ear and transfers the vibration to the fluid in the inner ear
oval windows
67
3 auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, and stapes
68
the inner ear contains the ____ ____ which consists of the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea
bony labyrinth
69
3 structures of inner ear and feat for each
vestibule: composed of the utricle and saccule
semicircular canals: dynamic equilibrium
cochlea: for hearing
70
pathway of soundwaves from outside the ear to interpretation in the brain (7 steps)
1. sound waves travel along ext ear canal
2. hit ear drum (tympanic membrane)
3. ear drum vibrates auditory ossicles
4. stapes (stirrup ossicle) flexes oval window in fluid filled cochlea
5. this sends a wave of pressure through fluid- outer perilymph and inner endolymph
6. wave vibrates the organ of Corti w its hair cells which cause hairs to move
7. this mvt of hair cells is transformed into electric signals which travel the vestibulocochlear nerve to brain
71
the _____ ____ is a combination of 3 structures that are involved in equilibrium. 3 structures?
vestibular apparatus
1. saccule
2. utricle
3. semicircular canals w/ ducts
72
Maintenance of the position of the body/HD relative to the force of gravity. Saccule and utricle possess otoliths (calcium carbonate crystals on top of hair cells) that help w/ this
static equilibrium
73
maintenance of the body/HD position in response to sudden mvts such as rotational acceleration and deceleration
dynamic equilibrium
74
3 disorders of hearing and equilibrium
Otitis Media: acute infection of the middle ear caused by virus or bacteria
Deafness: total hearing loss either caused by damaged hair cells, damage to cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear n, or abnormal structures for conducting the sound (ossicles)
Meniere's Disease: increased fluid in labyrinth of inner ear which leads to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo
