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Anatomy Exam 1 > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

Accumulation of fluid that puts pressure on the heart

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium (outermost), myocardium (middle), and endocardium (innermost)

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3
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

A layer of connective tissue around the ventricles that separates the heart into functional groups (right/left, atrium/ventricle)

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4
Q

What separates the atria?

A

The interatrial membrane

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5
Q

What are the auricles? What is their function?

A

They are like little flaps that increase the volume of the atrium

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6
Q

What separates the ventricles?

A

The interventricular septum

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7
Q

What are the three major sulci in the heart?

A

The coronary sulcus (horizontal), the anterior interventricular sulcus (vertical-front), and the posterior interventricular sulcus (vertical-back)

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8
Q

What is the pneumonic for oxygenation state of the heart

A

LORD –> Left Oxygenated, Right Deoxygenated

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9
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

They prevent backflow of blood and keep it moving in the same direction

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10
Q

What three veins enter into the right atrium?

A

The superior and inferior vena cava along with the coronary sinus

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11
Q

starting at blood entering the heart, what is the cycle of blood through the body?

A

Blood enters the left atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus –> Blood goes through the tricuspid –> Blood enters the left ventricle –> Goes through the pulmonary semilunar –> into the pulmonary trunk –> Gets oxygenated in the lungs –> Enters the right atrium from pulmonary veins –> Moves through the bicuspid valves –> Enters right ventricle –> Goes through aortic semilunar –> Enters aorta –> Goes around body –> back to heart

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12
Q

Where does pulmonary circulation start? Where does it end?

A

It starts at the right ventricle and ends in the left atrium

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13
Q

Where does systemic circulation start? Where does it end?

A

It starts at the left ventricle and ends at the right atrium

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14
Q

What are the chordae tendineae?

A

They are the heartstrings that attach to the papillary muscle to prevent the tricuspid and bicuspid valves from opening into the atrium

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15
Q

When is the first heart sound heard?

A

After ventricular systole when the blood rushes back to the AV valves and they close

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16
Q

When is the second heart sound heard?

A

After ventricular diastole when the blood rushes back to close the SL valves

17
Q

What is valvular stenosis? How can you identify it?

A

When the valve doesn’t open completely causes a murmur to be heard when the valve opens

18
Q

What is valvular incompetency? How is it identified?

A

It occurs when the valve does not close completely causing a murmur to be heard when the valve is supposed to close

19
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise?

A

The base of the aorta right past the aortic SL valve

20
Q

Where do the coronary arteries travel?

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle inside the coronary sulcus then to the back of the heart in the posterior interventricular sulcus

21
Q

What does the right coronary artery split into?

A

Right coronary artery and the posterior interventricular artery

22
Q

What does the left coronary artery split into?

A

The anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery

23
Q

What are the four cardiac veins?

A

Great, middle, and small cardiac veins, and coronary sinus

24
Q

What does the great cardiac vein run with?

A

Both branches of the left coronary artery (Circumflex and anterior descending artery)

25
Q

What does the middle cardiac vein run with?

A

It runs adjacent to the posterior interventricular artery

26
Q

What does the small cardiac vein run with?

A

The right coronary artery

27
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

The large, thin-walled vein on the back of the heart inside the coronary sulcus that all coronary veins empty into

28
Q

What causes angina?

A

Decreased oxygen to the heart muscle increases anaerobic respiration and lactic acid which changes the pH of the heart

29
Q

What causes a myocardial infarction?

A

Dead heart muscle

30
Q

Where is a myocardial infarction the most common?

A

The left ventricle

31
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

When the pumping efficiency of the heart can not meet the bodies needs

32
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

33
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation

34
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood ejected into the aorta and pulmonary trunk (typically 1/2 to 2/3 end-diastolic volume)

35
Q

What is the EDV?

A

End-diastolic volume is the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of relaxation

Anatomy Exam 1 (6 decks)

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