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Anatomy Exam 1 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the typical composition of blood (plasma and formed elements)?

A

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

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2
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A

7% proteins, 2% other solutes, and 91% water

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3
Q

What is the composition of the proteins in plasma

A

58% albumins, 38% globulins, and 4% fibrinogen

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4
Q

Where is albumin produced? What does it do?

A

It is produced in the liver and functions to draw water into the blood

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5
Q

Where is globulin produced? What is its function?

A

It is produced by white blood cells and it functions to transport vitamins, minerals, hormones, fats, and clotting factors.

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6
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

It creates fibrin

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7
Q

What is the function of fibrin?

A

It creates plugs with platelets and white cells

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8
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells that contain substance for clotting surrounded by plasma membrane

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9
Q

What are the six types of white blood cells? What are their relative percentages?

A

Neutrophils (60-70%), lymphocytes (20-25%), monocytes (3-8%), eosinophils (2-4%), and basophils (0.5-1%)

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10
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

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11
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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12
Q

What is the word for the formation of formed elements?

A

Hematopoiesis

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13
Q

What does a hemocytoblast need to bind to to make a red blood cell? Where is that made?

A

Erythropoietin from the kidneys

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14
Q

What does a hemocytoblast need to bind to to make a white blood cell? Where is that made?

A

Colony stimulating factor from the bone marrow and white blood cells

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15
Q

Where are hemocytoblasts made?

A

The red bone marrow

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16
Q

What does a hemocytoblast need to bind to to make a platelet? Where is that made?

A

Thrombopoietin which is made in the liver

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17
Q

What percentage of formed elements is made up of RBCs

A

95%

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18
Q

What is the average hematocrit for men? Women?

A

42-52 for men and 37-47 for women

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19
Q

What is the structure of a RBC?

A

Each RBC is like a bag filled with 250 million hemoglobin molecules

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20
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

Each hemoglobin is made up of 4 heme molecules

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21
Q

How many O2 molecules can each heme bind?

A

1

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22
Q

How does hemoglobin react in areas of high and low O2?

A

In areas with low O2 oxygen is more likely to be released, the opposite is true in areas with high O2

23
Q

What are the ingredients for RBCs?

A

Iron, Protein, B12, and Folic Acid

24
Q

How are the components in RBCs recycled?

A

The proteins are broken down into amino acids | Heme is broken into iron and bilirubin which is recycled directly

25
Q

How long does a RBC last?

A

110-120 days

26
Q

How many RBCs are created and destroyed in a day?

A

20-25 million

27
Q

What does anemia mean?

A

Anemia is an issue were blood becomes ineffective and can be caused in many different ways including low #, irregular shape, and low iron which leads to low hemoglobin

28
Q

What are some major symptoms of anemia

A

Fatigue, cold, shortness of breath, dizziness

29
Q

What are some types of iron deficiency?

A

Iron deficiency, folate deficiency, pernicious (Vit B12 or intrinsic factor), sickle cell, hemorrhagic

30
Q

What is erythrocytosis?

A

Too many red blood cells - 80% hematocrit

31
Q

What is the problem with erythrocytosis?

A

Blood becomes viscous increasing stress on the heart which can lead to a heart attack

32
Q

What causes primary erythrocytosis?

A

Abnormality in the red bone marrow increases the production of RBCs

33
Q

What causes secondary erythrocytosis?

A

Increase in erythropoietin either because of an abnormality or doping.

34
Q

What are the main characteristics of leukocytes?

A

They perform chemotaxis (follow chemical signals), diapedesis (squeeze through vessel walls), and have ameboid movement

35
Q

What are some features/qualities of neutrophils?

A

Secrete neutrophilic extracellular traps (NETs)
Secrete anti-microbial compounds
Good at phagocytosis
First to arrive at the location
Multi-lobed nucleus (2-5)

36
Q

What are some features/qualities of basophils?

A

Secrete inflammatory compounds (histamines) and cause inflammation pain

37
Q

What are some features/qualities of eosinophils?

A

Bilobed nucleus
Bright red granules
Anti-parasitic
Secrete anti-inflammatory compounds battling with basophils
They don’t secrete anti-inflammatory compounds in the lungs (eosinophilic asthma)

38
Q

What are the three kinds of lymphocytes?

A

B-cells
T-cells (helper T and cytotoxic T)

39
Q

How can lymphocytes be identified?

A

They have a single large nucleus and are agranular

40
Q

What do B cell do?

A

They are antibody factories that stimulate an immune response

41
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Destroys specific bacteria/virus/unhealthy (cancer) cells

42
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

They activate B cells and toxic T cells

43
Q

What is the unique about monoxytes?

A

They are the largest WBC
They become macrophages when in tissue
They have a kidney bean nucleus
The love phagocytosis
They are fashionably late
They phagocytize large things

44
Q

What is the pneumonic for the white blood cells?

A

Never let monkeys eat bananas

45
Q

Where are leukocytes made?

A

They are made in the red bone marrow but are activated in the spleen (giant lymph nodes) and lymph nodes

46
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Excess white blood cells which are immature and incapable of mobilizing an immune response

47
Q

What does leukemia cause?

A

It decreases the RBC count –> Anemia
It decreases platelets –> Hemorrhaging

48
Q

What is DIV?

A

Irregular internal clotting caused by trauma, bacterial toxins, or venoms

49
Q

What clotting factor does hemophilia type A not have?

A

8

50
Q

What clotting factor does hemophilia type B not have?

A

9

51
Q

What is Von Willebrand’s disease?

A

Irregular Von Willebrand factor preventing platelets from sticking to the wound

52
Q

What causes thrombocytopenia?

A

Too few platelets

53
Q

Why is vitamin K insufficiency a problem?

A

It is needed to make most of the clotting factors

Anatomy Exam 1 (6 decks)

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