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the heart Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the role of arteries and their characteristics

A

carries blood away from the heart
thick walls and thin lumen to withstand high pressure

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2
Q

describe the role of capillaries and their characteristics

A

one cell thick to allow fast diffusion between blood and cells –>permeable walls
carry blood at low pressure
role is to exchange nutrients and waste products with tissues

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3
Q

describe the role of veins and their characteristics

A

carries blood back to the heart
thin walls wide lumen,valves to prevent the backflow of blood

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4
Q

what causes Coronary heart disease

A

when the artery supplying blood to the heart becomes blocked with fatty deposits

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5
Q

How can CVD be treated

A

stents-metal mesh that can be inserted to open up the vessel

statins-drugs that reduce the deposits of fatty material

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6
Q

what is transpiration

A

loss of water vapour from the leaves through the stomata

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7
Q

translocation?

A

phloem carrying sugars and other nutrients where they are needed

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8
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

type of WBC which produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins made by pathogens and antibodies that bind to the antigen of a pathogen but only if they fit. These stop viruses from infecting cells and cause them to clump together

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9
Q

what are phagocytes

A

WBC ingests pathogens clumps

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10
Q

what is glucose used for

A

respiration
making starch/fat to store energy
making cellulose
making amino acids for proteinsynthesis

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11
Q

what needs to be regulated in our bodies

A

blood glucose levels
internal temperature
water levels

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12
Q

what is a hormone

A

a system of glands that secretes hormones to send signals to effectors transported via blood(slower than nervous system)

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13
Q

name some methods of contraception

A

FSH inhibiting pills so no eggs mature
progesterone injection/implant to stop eggs from being released
condom/diaphragm: stops sperm from entering vagina

IUD: copper coil stops egg from embedding in lining
avoid sex

clamping oviduct/cut sperm

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14
Q

causes of infertility

A

lack of fsh/lh

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15
Q

fertility treatement

A

fsh/lh injections
IVF in vitro fertilisation->hard and expensive
eggs collected after inducing release with LH to be fertilised in a lab viable embryos inserted back into woman’s uterus

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16
Q

risks of ivf

A

low success rates
chances of multiple embryos to develop

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17
Q

what is a diploid cells

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

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18
Q

what is a haploid

A

23 chromosomes in total

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19
Q

describe the process of meiosis

A

chromosomes in a diploid cell are copied similar chromosomes are paired up and genes are swapped between them
cell divides to produce 2 diploid cells
these divide again to produce 4 haploid cells(gametes)

20
Q

by which process does asexual reproduction take place

A

MITOSIS

21
Q

By which process does sexual reproduction take place

A

MEIOSIS

22
Q

Sexual repro advantage

A

offspring can become better adapted to the environment due to variation

23
Q

asexual repro advantage

A

only one organism required

24
Q

genome

A

the entire genetic code in an organism

25
Q

DNA

A

double helix polymer that stores genetic code

26
Q

gene

A

portion of DNA that codes for a protein

26
Q

genotype

A

an organisms specific genetic code

27
Q

phenotype

A

how this code is expressed in physical characteristics

28
Q

what are alleles

A

different versions of the same gene

29
Q

Homozygous

A

one type of allele

30
Q

heterozygous

A

diffrent types of alleles eg Bb

31
Q

what alleles is polydactyl caused by

A

caused by a dominant

32
Q

what alleles is cystic fibrosis caused by

A

caused by a recessive allele

33
Q

describe species

A

organisms that are considered to be of the same species if they can produce fertile offspring

34
Q

what alleles determine sex

A

XX=female
XY=MAN

35
Q

what is selective breeding

A

breeding organisms that have desired characteristics to produce offspring in which they are more pronounced

36
Q

describe the process of genetic engineering

A

1.desired gene is cut from another organisms DNA using enzymes
2.this gene is then inserted into a vector eg bacteria plasmid or virus
3.vector inserts gene into cells of another organism early stages of its development

37
Q

examples of genetic engineering

A

insulin producing bacteria
Genetically modified crops(eg. golden rice which produces Vitamin A)
disease resistant crops

38
Q

what are fossils

A

decayed remains of organisms

39
Q

types of fossils

A

imprints
mineralisation–>rocks
soft organic tissue if the conditions for decay were not present

40
Q

how is the binominal name written

A

Genus+species

41
Q

name the 3 domains

A

archaea(primitive bacteria)->extramorphilles
bacteria(true bacteria)
eukaryota(animals and plants)

42
Q

what is inter dependence

A

organisms depending on each other for survival—>this leads to the formation of a community

43
Q

abiotic factors

A

non living factors
eg. light ,temp, moisture, soil pH, CO2 and O2 concentration

44
Q

biotic factors

A

the impact of other organisms on an ecosystem
eg. food, new predators , new pathogens

45
Q

where is the peace maker located

A

in the right atrium

46
Q
A

Biology (10 decks)

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