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the heart Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where is the thorax

A
  • in the top part of your body
  • separated from the lower part of the body by the diaphragm
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2
Q

what is the lungs protected by

A

your ribcage

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3
Q

what is your lungs surrounded by

A

the pleural membrane

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4
Q

the “lung system”

A
  • the air you breathe in goes through your trachea
  • this splits into two tubes called bronchi ( plural for bronchus), one going into each lung
  • the bronchi splits into smaller tubes called bronchioles
  • the bronchioles then divide into alveoli , which were gas exchange takes place
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5
Q

how does gas exchange take place

A
  • the blood passing next to the alveoli has just returned to the lungs from the rest of the body so it contains lots of carbon dioxide and little oxygen
  • oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus (high conc) into the blood (low conc)
  • carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood (high conc) into the alveolus (low conc) to be breathed out
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6
Q

what happens when oxygenated blood reaches the body

A

the oxygen is released from the red blood (high conc) and diffuses into the body cells (low conc) at the same time CO2 diffuses out of the body cells (high conc) into the blood (low conc) where its carried back into the lungs

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7
Q

how to calculate breaths per minute

A

number of breaths/ number of minutes

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8
Q

how is alveoli adapted

A
  • it maintains a concentration gradient in capillary
  • very thin walls to make diffusion easy
  • moist surface makes diffusion easy so gas can dissolve
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9
Q

what is the circulatory system made of

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • blood
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10
Q

why is he double circulation important to warm blooded animals

A

as full oxygenated blood can be returned to the heart from the lungs and this blood can be sent to different parts of the body at high pressure so more parts of the body can receive oxygenated blood

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11
Q

how does the double circulation work

A
  • one transport system carries deoxygenated blood from your heart to your lungs and back again - this allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged in the air in the lungs by the process of gas exchanged
  • the other transport system oxygenated blood from your heart to all your other organs and back
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12
Q

how does the heart work

A
  • the blood enters from the vena cava where deoxygenated blood carries itself to the right atrium.
  • The right atrium contract pushing the blood into the right ventricle, where it is forced into the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary artery then carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it is oxygenated
  • the oxygenated blood goes into the pulmonary vein into the left atrium, which contracts and pushes it down into the left ventricle
  • the left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood into the aorta and then around the body
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13
Q

characteristics of a heart

A
  • has valves to prevent backflow
  • contains 4 chambers
  • walls of the heart is made of muscle tissue
  • its a pumping organ that keeps the blood flowing around the body
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14
Q

what does the coronary arteries do

A

supply oxygenated blood to the heart

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15
Q

how does your body regulate your heart rate

A
  • your heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium which as a pacemaker, these cells produce a small electric impulse which spreads to the surrounding cells causing them to contract
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16
Q

types of blood vessels and functions

A
  • arteries - carry blood away from the heart
  • capillaries - the exchange materials at the tissue
  • veins - carry the blood to heart
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17
Q

characteristics of the arteries

A
  • strong and elastic walls as the heart pumps the blood out at a high pressure
  • thick walls
  • small lumen
  • thick layers of muscles to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and bounce back
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18
Q

characteristics of the arteries

A
  • strong and elastic walls as the heart pumps the blood out at a high pressure
  • thick walls
  • small lumen
  • thick layers of muscles to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and bounce back
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19
Q

characteristics of capillaries

A
  • carry blood very close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them
  • have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out
  • one cell thick walls which increase the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs
  • small lumen
  • no elastic tissue
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20
Q

characteristics of veins

A
  • capillaries join to form veins
  • thin walls as the blood is at a low pressure
  • large lumen to help blood flow
  • valves to help keep the blood in the right direction
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21
Q

how to work out the rate of blood flow

A

volume of blood / number of minutes

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22
Q

ways to help the heart

A
  • artificial pacemaker
  • mechanical/ animal valve
  • artificial heart
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23
Q

what causes faulty valves

A
  • its damaged or weakened when the heart valves withstand a lot of pressure, by heart attacks, infections or old age
  • this damage may cause the valve tissue to stiffen so it wont open properly, or it may become leaky, allowing blood to flow in both direction, this means that the blood wont circulate properly
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24
Q

how do we fix faulty valves

A

using mechanical valves or animal valves

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25
Q

disadvantages of mechanical valve

A
  • requires surgery
  • can cause blood clot
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26
Q

advantages of mechanical valve

A

doesnt get rejected by your immune system

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27
Q

disadvantages of animal valve

A
  • may get rejected by your immune system
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28
Q

what does artificial pacemakers do

A

regulates your heart rate by producing a regular heartbeat

29
Q

disadvantages of artificial pacemakers

A
  • you have to re charge it
  • you have to have medical checkups
  • you have to have a machine stick to you at all times
  • you have to have surgery
30
Q

what are artificial hearts

A

a temporary machine that helps pump blood around the body by using air pressure

31
Q

disadvantages of artificial hearts

A
  • causes blood clots
  • requires a lot of machinery
32
Q

what causes coronary heart disease

A

when the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material making them narrow, so blood flow to your heart is restricted and theres a lack of oxygen, resulting to a heart attack

33
Q

what two ways do doctors use to solve coronary heart disease

A
  • stents
  • statins
34
Q

how do stents work

A

1) a tiny balloon surround by a stent is placed into the artery and is inflated to open up the artery and the stent
2) when the balloon is inflated it is removed leaving the stent open to hold the vessel open
3) the blood can now freely move through the artery

35
Q

pros of stents

A
  • effective as it lasts a long time
  • the recovery time from the surgery is quick
36
Q

cons of stents

A
  • risk of complications during operation
  • risk of infections during surgery
  • risk of patients developing blood clot near stent, called thrombosis
37
Q

what is cholesterol

A

an essential lipid that your body produces and needs to function properly

38
Q

how can cholesterol cause coronary heart disease

A
  • having too much cholesterol can cause fatty deposits to form inside the arteries leading to coronary heart disease
39
Q

what are statins

A

they are drugs that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the blood stream, this slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming

40
Q

pros of statins

A
  • reduces the amount of cholesterol in blood and this can reduce the risk of strokes,coronary heart disease and heart attacks
  • increases the amount of good HDL cholesterol in blood stream, this type of cholesterol can remove the bad cholesterol
  • may prevent other diseases
41
Q

cons of statins

A
  • they are a long term drug that must be take regularly so there is a risk that someone could forget them
  • can cause negative side effects such as kidney failure or headaches
  • the effect of statins is not instant as it takes time for the effect to kick in
42
Q

the components of the blood

A
  • red blood cells
  • platelets
  • white blood cells
  • plasma
43
Q

what do red blood cells do

A

carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

44
Q

characteristic of red blood cell

A
  • they have a biconcave disc which gives a large surface area for absorbing oxygen
  • dont have a nucleus which allows more room to carry oxygen
  • contain a red pigment called haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin and in the tissue the oxyhaemoglobin splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen to release oxygen to the cells
45
Q

characteristic of red blood cell

A
  • they have a biconcave disc which gives a large surface area for absorbing oxygen
  • dont have a nucleus which allows more room to carry oxygen
  • contain a red pigment called haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin and in the tissue the oxyhaemoglobin splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen to release oxygen to the cells
46
Q

what do platelets do

A

help to clot a wound to stop all your blood pouring out and microorganisms getting in

47
Q

characteristics of platelets

A
  • small fragments of cells
  • no nucleus
  • lack of platelets can cause excessive bleeding and bruising
48
Q

what do white blood cells do

A
  • defend against infections by
  • ingest microorganisms by phagocytosis
  • producing antibodies to fight microorganisms
  • producing antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by microorganisms
    (they have a nucleus)
49
Q

what does the plasma do

A

its a yellow liquid that transports all your blood cells and other substances around the your body

50
Q

what does your plamsa carry

A
  • red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
  • nutrients - that are soluble products from digestion
  • carbon dioxide
  • proteins
    antibodies and antitoxins
51
Q

what does your plasma carry

A
  • red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
  • nutrients - that are soluble products from digestion
  • carbon dioxide
  • proteins
    antibodies and antitoxins
52
Q

plant tissues

A
  • epidermal tissue - this covers the whole plant
  • palisade mesophyll tissue - this is where most photosynthesis happen
  • spongy mesophyll tissue - contains big air space to allow gases to diffuse in and out of the cell
  • xylem and phloem - transport substances around the plant
  • meristem tissue - found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of cells, allowing the plant to grow
53
Q

structure of a leaf

A

1) the epidermal tissue is covered with a waxy cuticle which prevents water loss by evaporation
2) the upper epidermis (found at the top of the plant beneath the cuticle) is transparent so that light can pass through it to the palisade layer
3) the palisade layer has a lot of chloroplast, which means that there near the top of the leaf to absorb as much light as possible
4) the xylem and phloem form a network of vascular bundles which deliver water and other nutrients to the leaf and take away glucose produced by photosynthesis, they also support the structure
5) the spongy mesophyll layer has lots of air space to let gas diffuse and for gas exchange
6) the lower epidermis is full of stomata which are controlled by guard cells to allow CO2 and other substances in and out of the cell in response to the conditions

54
Q

whats does the phloem do

A

it transports dissolved sugars to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage through the process of translocation

55
Q

characteristics of the phloem

A
  • made up of columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through
  • the transport goes in both directions
  • contain companion cells which have mitochondria and this provides energy to the phloem vessel
  • the phloem vessel cell and sieve plate contain no nucleus to allow the dissolved sugars to move through the cells interior
56
Q

what does the xylem do

A

transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves through the process of transpiration

57
Q

characteristics of xylem cells

A
  • contain very thick walls containing lignin to provide support to the plant to help it withstand water pressure
  • made up of dead cells (due to the chemical lignin) joined end to end with no end walls between them, causing them to form a long hollow tube so water and mineral ions can flow easily
  • have no nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria or chloroplasts to allow water and mineral ions to flow more easily
58
Q

what is transpiration caused by

A

the diffusion of water from a plants surface as there is more water inside the plant than in the air outside and evaporation

59
Q

what does evaporation do to a plant

A
  • creates a slight shortage of water in the leaf causing more water to be drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessel to replace it, this means that more water is drawn up from the roots and so theres a constant transpiration stream of water through the plant
60
Q

what affects transpiration rate

A
  • light intensity
  • temperature
  • air flow
  • humidity
61
Q

how does light intensity affect transpiration rate

A
  • the brighter the light the greater the transpiration rate, as more stomata will open for photosynthesis. The stomata will begin to close when it gets darker as photosynthesis can’t happen in the dark so they do not need to be open to letting CO2 in, when the stomata are closed very little water can escape slowing down the rate of transpiration
62
Q

how does temperature affect transpiration rate

A
  • the warmer the temperature the faster the rate of transpiration as the water particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata
63
Q

how does air flow affect transpiration rate

A

the better the air flow the greater the transpiration rate as a poor air flow means that he water vapour just surround the leaf and doesnt move away, resulting in a high concentration of water particles outside the leaf as well as inside it so diffusion doesnt happen quickly, if there is a good airflow the water vapour is swept away

64
Q

how does air flow affect transpiration rate

A

the better the airflow the greater the transpiration rate as a poor airflow means that the water vapour just surrounds the leaf and doesn’t move away, resulting in a high concentration of water particles outside the leaf as well as inside it so diffusion doesn’t happen quickly, if there is a good airflow the water vapour is swept away maintaining a low concentration of water in the air outside the leaf, diffusion then occurs from an area of high conc to an area of low conc

65
Q

how does humidity affect transpiration rate

A

the direr the air the greater the rate of transpiration as when there air is humid there no much difference between the conc of water inside and out of the plant, slowing down the rate of transpiration

66
Q

why is transpiration important

A
  • provides the water for photosynthesis
  • transports mineral ions
  • cools the leaf as water evaporates
  • provides water that keeps the cells turgid, which supports herbaceous plants
67
Q

how to use a potometer

A

1) fill a beaker with water then use a capillary tube and place that in a beaker of water
2) the capillary tube should then be attached to the bottom of a test tube
3) fill the test tube with water then place a plant on the top of the test tube in an airtight seal using a bung
4) place a rule below the capillary tube and inside the capillary tube is an air bubble
5) the water inside the test tube is going to be absorbed through the xylem of the stem and up and out of the stomata through the leaf by the process of transpiration
6) because the water is being absorbed from the test tube the air bubble from the capillary tube is going to move along
7) you can calculate the rate of transpiration in different conditions by starting a stopwatch and recording the distance moved by the bubble per hour and repeating the experiment but in a different condition (to increase the airflow use a fan)

68
Q

how are guard cells adapted to open and close the stomata

A
  • when the plant has lots of water the guard cells fill with it and go plump and turgid, it also changes shape, this makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis (thats how it opens)
  • when the plant is short of water the guard cells lose water and become flaccid making the stomata close, this helps stop too much water vapour escaping (thats how it closes)
  • the stomata closes at night to save water without losing out on photosynthesis

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