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non communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

risk factors of non communicable diseases

A
  • genes
  • aspects of your lifestyle
  • substance that are present in the environment
  • exposure to carcinogens
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2
Q

what is a correlation

A

the link or relationship between two factors

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3
Q

what is a casual mechanism

A
  • explains how one factor influences the other through a biological process
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4
Q

why do scientist need to find a casual mechanism to prove that one thing causes the other and not just use a correlation

A

as a correlation cannot prove that one thing is the cause of the other

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5
Q

examples of casual mechanisms and their proven risk factor

A
  • cardiovascular disease - lack of exercise/ smoking/ high saturated fat
  • type 2 diabetes- obesity
  • lung disease - smoking
  • liver and brain damage - excessive alcohol intake
  • low birth weight babies - smoking during pregnancy
  • brain damage in babies - excessive alcohol intake during pregnancy
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6
Q

impacts of non communicable diseases

A
  • diseases will have financial cost especially if the wage earner is ill and cannot work
  • diseases cost nations fortunes either by having to pay to treat the ill or by losing money when a large populations is ill
  • the global economy is affected when the young working population is ill
  • non communicable diseases affect more ppl than communicable diseases so it has the greatest affect on both human and economic level
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7
Q

what is cancer caused by

A

uncontrolled cell division which can form masses of cells called tumours

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8
Q

what are tumours

A

masses of abnormally growing cells

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9
Q

how are tumours formed

A

when cells don’t follow the normal mechanism that control a cell cycles as they divide rapidly with a very little non dividing time for growth between each division

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10
Q

two types of tumours

A

benign tumours
malignant tumour

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11
Q

characteristics of benign tumour

A
  • they are growths of abnormal cells in one place, usually with a membrane
  • they do not invade other parts of the body
  • can grow very large quickly
  • if it causes pressure or damage to an organ it can be life threatening
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12
Q

characteristics of malignant tumour

A
  • often referred to as cancer
  • the tumour may split up, releasing small clumps of cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system to different part of the body
  • they circulate and are carried to different pats of the body where they lodge into different organs forming a secondary tumour
  • they divide rapidly and live longer
  • it disrupts the normal tissue and if left untreated it will kill the person
  • very difficult to treat
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13
Q

what are the causes of cancer

A
  • mutations (changes to the genetic material) and this can trigger the formations of tumours
  • ionising radiation van disrupt the normal cell cycle and cause tumours to form
  • virus infections
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14
Q

ways to treat cancer

A

radiotherapy - when cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation, this stops mitosis in the cancer cells but can harm healthy cells
chemotherapy - where chemicals are used to stop cancer cells from dividing or making them self destruct

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15
Q

what are carcinogens

A

cancer causing agents

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16
Q

what is nicotine

A

an addictive but relatively harmless drug found in tobacco cigarettes

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17
Q

how does nicotine affect you

A
  • it makes you feel calm, well being and “being able to cope” which is why ppl like to smoke
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18
Q

what harmful chemical does tobacco smoke contain

A
  • carbon monoxide
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19
Q

why is carbon monoxide dangerous

A

as its poisonous since it can be replaced with your oxygen in your red blood cells which can cause death, serious tissue damage or a shortage of oxygen

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20
Q

what is a common problem for women who smoke during pregnancy

A
  • oxygen shortage
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21
Q

why is it dangerous for a women to smoke during preganancy

A
  • as during pregnancy a women is carrying oxygen for her foetus and herself so if carbon monoxide enters the blood the foetus will not have enough oxygen to grow properly
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22
Q

what can smoking during pregnancy result into

A
  • premature births
  • low birth weight babies
  • still births
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23
Q

what does the cilia in the trachea and bronchi do

A

moves bacteria mucus and dirt away from the lungs

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24
Q

what do chemicals in tobacco smoke do the the cilia in the trachea and bronchi

A
  • they are anesthetized by chemicals in the tobacco smoke this makes them stop working for a certain period allowing dirt, bacteria and mucus down in the lungs, increasing a risk of infections and the build up of mucus can also cause coughing
25
Q

what is tar

A
  • a sticky black chemical in tobacco cigarettes which can accumulate in the lungs and turn them from pink to grey
26
Q

what can tar do to smokers

A

it makes them more likely to bronchitis (the infection and inflammation of the bronchi)

27
Q

what can tar cause to smokers

A

it makes them more likely to bronchitis (the infection and inflammation of the bronchi)

28
Q

what can the build up of tar in the lung tissue cause

A

the build up of tar in the lung tissue can lead into the break down in the structure of the alveoli leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

29
Q

what does COPD do to the lungs

A
  • it reduces the surface area to volume ratio of the lungs, leading to severe breathlessness and eventually death
30
Q

what can tar cause and how

A

it can act on delicate cells of the lungs and greatly increase the risk of lung cancer and other cancers of the breathing system

31
Q

what are smokers likely to suffer from

A

cardiovascular probles

32
Q

what does smoking do to the blood vessels in your skin

A

narrows the blood vessels in your skin, ageing it

33
Q

what does nicotine do your cardiovascular system compared to other chemicals

A

nicotine increases your heart rate whilst other chemicals damage the lining of your arteries

34
Q

what can the damage to the lining of your arteries lead to

A
  • can lead to coronary heart disease this is where fatty deposits build up inside your coronary arteries, narrowing them
35
Q

how are coronary heart disease treated

A

stents - open your arteries
- statins - lower your blood cholesterol levels and slows down the rate at which fatty deposit is built up in your arteries

36
Q

why are smokers more likely to cardiovascular diseases

A

as the mixture of chemicals in a cigarette can lead to an increase in blood pressure increasing the risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease

37
Q

what can be used to treat recovering patients of coronary heart disease

A
  • clot busting enzymes
  • warfarin
38
Q

what happens if you eat more food than you need

A

it is stored as excess fat

39
Q

why does your body need fat

A

to cushion your internal organs and act as an energy store

40
Q

what health problems can obesity lead into

A

type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease

41
Q

what happens to the food you eat

A
  • the food you eat transfers energy to your muscles as they work from respiration so the amount you exercise will affect the amount of respiration in your muscles and the amount you eat
42
Q

advantages of people who exercise regularly

A
  • have fitter hearts and bigger lungs
  • less likely to get cardiovascular disease and suffer from health problems
43
Q

casual mechanism that explain why exercise keeps you healthy

A
  • you will have more muscle tissue, increasing the metabolic rate so you are less likely to be overweight - this will reduce the risk of developing arthritis, diabetes and high blood pressure
  • your heart will be fitter and develop a better blood supply
  • regular exercise lowers your blood cholesterol levels and helps balance different types of cholesterols this reduces the risk of fatty deposits in your coronary arteries lowering your risk of heart disease and any other health problems
44
Q

what causes type 2 diabetes

A

when your body does not make enough insulin to control your blood sugar levels or your cells stop responding yo insulin

45
Q

what happens when an alcoholic drinks

A

the ethanol s absorbed into the blood from the stomach and passed into the body tissue

46
Q

what does alcohol affect

A

it affects your nervous system making thought process, reflexes and other reactions slower

47
Q

what can small amounts of alcohol do to the body

A

makes you feel relaxed, cheerful and reduces inhibitions

48
Q

what can large amounts of alcohol do to the body

A

can lead to a lack of judgement and self control and if the dose is too high it can lead to unconsciousness, coma and death

49
Q

what can getting addicted to alcohol do to your liver

A
  • it may form cirrhosis in the liver
  • as alcohol is a carcinogen it can cause liver cancer which spreads rapidly and is difficult to treat
50
Q

what is cirrhosis

A

a disease that destroys liver tissue so the active liver cells are replaced with scar tissue that cannot carry out vital functions

51
Q

what is the long term effect on heavy drinking to the brain

A
  • can damage the brain
  • can cause the brain to become soft and pulpy, that the brain functions is lost and cannot work properly which can lead to death
52
Q

what happens if a pregnant women drinks alcohol

A
  • the alcohol passes the placenta into the developing baby which can cause:
  • miscarriage, premature births and low birth weight babies
53
Q

why does alcohol affect a unborn baby

A

as their developing liver cannot cope with alcohol so the development of the brain and body of an unborn baby can be badly affected

54
Q

what can the baby develop due to drinking alcohol during pregnancy

A
  • facial deformities
  • problems with its teeth, jaw, hearing
  • kidney, liver or heart problems
  • learning and other development problems know as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
55
Q

how to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

to not drink during preganacy

56
Q

what is ionising radiation

A

it is a form of different electromagnetic waves and is a well known carcinogen

57
Q

how does radiation effect cells

A

penetrates the cell causing damage in the chromosomes causing mutations to the DNA

58
Q

common ionising radiation

A
  • Ultraviolet light from the sun - increases the risk of skin cancer
  • radioactive materials found in soil, water and air
  • medical and dental x rays
  • accidents in nuclear power generations
59
Q

why is ionising radiation dangerous when taken in your body

A

as it allows the ionising radiation to penetrate your cells

biology (16 decks)

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