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photosynthesis and respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H20 —–> C6H1202 + 602

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2
Q

processs of photosynthesis

A

energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplast by light
the energy is then converted into CO2 from the air plus water from the soil glucose and oxygen

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3
Q

what type of reaction is photosynthesis

A

endothermic

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4
Q

how are leaves adapted for photosynthesis

A
  • broad leaves giving them a big surface area for light
  • thin so diffusion distances for gases are short
  • contain chlorolphyll in the chlorolplast
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5
Q

what does photosynthesis use energy for

A

to change carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose

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6
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

in the chloroplasts

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7
Q

how do plants use glucose

A
  • for respiration
  • to store as oils or fats
  • store as starch
  • making cellulose
  • making amino acids
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8
Q

how does plants use glucose for respiration

A

it transfers energy to glucose enabling it to the covert the rest of the glucose into various other useful substances

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9
Q

why is glucose converted into celluose

A

glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong plant cell walls

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10
Q

how does glucose make amino acids

A

the glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids which are then made into proteins

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11
Q

why is glucose stored as fats and oils and how

A

glucose is turned into lipids for storing seeds

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12
Q

why is glucose turned into starch

A
  • glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots, stems or leaves, ready for use when photosynthesis is not happening. Starch is insoluble making it much better for staring than glucose as a cell with lots of glucose would draw loads of water and swell
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13
Q

what limiting factors affect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • light intensity
  • concentration of CO2
  • chlorophyll
  • temperature
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14
Q

what is a limiting factor

A

a factor that stops a rate of rection from going any faster

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15
Q

in what conditions do the limiting factors effect photosynthesis

A
  • at night light is the limiting factor
  • in winter its temperature
  • in warm bright conditions its CO2 concentration
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16
Q

how can the amount of chlorophyll be a limiting factor of photosynthesis

A

-the amount of chlorophyll in a plant can be affected by a disease or environmental stress, which can cause chloroplasts to become damaged or unable to make enough chlorophyll, this means that the rate of photosynthesis is reduced as they can’t absorb as much light

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17
Q

how does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • as the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis increases at a constant rate, however, it only increases to a certain point (hence why the graph levels off) as beyond that point an increase in light intensity will no longer have an effect, so the rate would not increase. this is because CO2 and temperature are limiting factors so they would need to be increased for the rate to increase and light is not longer the limiting factor
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18
Q

how can you change the light intensity in a lab to see the effect of photosynthesis

A

by moving a lamp closer or further away from your plant or you could use a light meter which will help you plot a graph much more easier

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19
Q

what does light do to photosynthesis

A

it provides the energy needed for photosynthesis

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20
Q

how does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • as the light increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases at a constant rate, however, it only increases to a certain point (hence why the graph levels off) as beyond that point an increase in CO2 concentration will no longer have an effect, so the rate would not increase. this is because light intensity and temperature are limiting factors so they would need to be increased for the rate to increase and CO2 is no longer the limiting factor
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21
Q

how does CO2 contribute to photosynthesis

A

its one of the raw material needed for photosynthesis

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22
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • if the temperature is too low the enzymes needed for photosynthesis will wotk more slowly at low temperature
  • if the temperature is too hot the enzymes it needs for photosynthesis will denature
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23
Q

what temperature does photosynthesis happen at

A

45 degrees

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24
Q

what does oxygen production show

A

the rate of photosynthesis

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25
Q

REQUIRED PRACTICAL photosynthesis

A

1) place a boiling tube 10cm away from an LED light source, an LED light is used as these do not release very much heat as too much heat would change the temp of the experiment, if we did use a normal light bulb then we would have to place a beaker of water in between the light and the BT so it would absorb the heat produced by it
2) fill the boiling tube with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution releases CO2, which is needed for photosynthesis
3) place pondweed into the BT with the cut end at the top
4) leave the pondweed for 5 minutes so it can acclimatise to the condition in the boiling tube
5) bubbles of gas should then be produced from the cut end of the pondweed , this gas is oxygen which is produced by photosynthesis

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26
Q

REQUIRED PRACTICAL photosynthesis

A

1) place a boiling tube 10cm away from an LED light source, an LED light is used as these do not release very much heat as too much heat would change the temp of the experiment, if we did use a normal light bulb then we would have to place a beaker of water in between the light and the BT so it would absorb the heat produced by it
2) fill the boiling tube with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution releases CO2, which is needed for photosynthesis
3) place pondweed into the BT with the cut end at the top
5) leave the pondweed for 5 minutes so it can acclimatise to the condition in the boiling tube
6) bubbles of gas should then be produced from the cut end of the pondweed, this gas is oxygen which is produced by photosynthesis
7) start a stopwatch and count the number of bubbles produced in 1 minute, repeat this 2 more times and calculate the mean number of bubbles produced in a minute
8) repeat the experiment at 20 cm then 30 then 40 cm

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27
Q

ANOMALIES OF REQUIRED PRACTICAL

A
  • the number of bubbles can be too fast to count accurately
  • the bubbles are not always the same size
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28
Q

how can we improve the REQUIRED PRACTICAL

A
  • by measuring the volume of oxygen produced instead of counting the bubbles by placing the pondweed under a funnel and catching the bubbles in a measuring cylinder then use the measuring cylinder to measure the volume of oxygen produced
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29
Q

whats the inverse square law

A

that if you half the distance the light intensity will be four times greater ( so if you third the distance the light intensity would be 9 times greater or if you double the distance the light intensity would be 4x smaller )

30
Q

how do we work out the light intensity

A

1/ distance squared

31
Q

what is the most common way to artificially create the most ideal conditions for plants

A
  • to grow them in greenhouses
  • artificial light
  • increases levels of carbon dioxide
32
Q

what do greenhouses do and how does it help farming

A
  • help trap the suns heat and make sure that the temperature does not become limiting - in winter a farmer or gardener might use a heater as well to keep the temperature at an ideal level - in summer they might use shade and ventilation to cool things down
  • keeping plants enclosed in a greenhouse makes it easier to keep them free from pests and disease, the farmers can add fertiliser to the soil to provide minerals needed for healthy growth
33
Q

how can artificial light help with farming

A
  • light is needed for photosynthesis so commercial farmers use artificial light after the sun goes down to give their plants more quality photosynthesis time
34
Q

how can farmers control levels of CO2

A

farmers can increase the level of carbon dioxide in a greenhouse by using paraffin heaters, as the heater burns it produces CO2 as a by-product and heats the greenhouse

35
Q

disadvantages of the most common way to artificially create the most ideal conditions for plants

A
  • its expenisve
  • Risk of antibiotic resistance
36
Q

advantages of the most common way to artificially create the most ideal conditions for plants

A
  • the plants will grow much faster at ideal conditions
  • a decent crop can be harvester more often which can then be sold
  • higher yield
37
Q

ad

A
38
Q

what does respiration do

A

transfers the energy that the cell needs for all living processes

39
Q

what is respiration

A

the process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on every cell

40
Q

what type of reaction is respiration

A

exothermic

41
Q

how do organisms use respiration

A
  • to build up large molecules from smaller ones
  • to allow muscles to contract and relax
  • to keep body temperature steady in colder conditions in mammals
42
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of all of the reactions that happen in a cell or the body

43
Q

what are chemical reactions controlled by

A

enzymes

44
Q

examples where large molecules are made from smaller ones

A
  • lots of small glucose molecules are joined together in reactions to form starch, glycogen and cellulose
  • lipid molecules are made from one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids
  • glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids which are then made into proteins
45
Q

examples where larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

A
  • glucose is broken down in respiration, respiration transfers energy to power all the reactions in the body that make molecules
  • excess protein is broken down in a reaction to produce urea, urea is then excreted in urine
46
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

respiration using oxygen

47
Q

what is the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose

A

aerobic respiration

48
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place

A

in the mitochondria

49
Q

symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H10O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H20

50
Q

word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen —–> carbon dioxide + water

51
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

its the incomplete breakdown of glucose, making lactic acid

52
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose —–> lactic acid

53
Q

why doesnt anaerobic respiration transfer as much energy as aerobic respiration

A

as the glucose does not fully oxidise so anaerobic respiration is only useful in emergencies

54
Q

word equation for fermentation

A

glucose ——> ethanol + carbon dioxide

55
Q

what us anaerobic respiration called in yeast cells

A

fermentation

56
Q

advantages of fermentation

A
  • in the food and drink industry fermentation by yeast provides great value as its used to make bread and alcoholic drinks
  • in bread making its the carbon dioxide in the fermentation process that makes the bread rise
  • in beer and wine making its the fermentation process that produces alcohol
57
Q

what happens to your muscles during exercise

A
  • your muscles need more energy from respiration to contract as some of your muscles are contracting more frequently than normal so your rate of respiration increases to provide more energy to your muscles
58
Q

responses to exercise

A
  • breathing rate and breath volume increase to get more oxygen into the blood
  • your heart rate increases to get the oxygenated blood around body faster, this removes CO2 more quickly at the same time
59
Q

what happens when you do really vigorous exercise

A
  • your body cant supply oxygen to your muscles quick enough so they start respiring anaerobically, this is not the best way to transfer energy from glucose as lactic acid builds up in the muscle which can get painful
  • it can also cause muscle fatigue and this is where the muscles get tired and stop contracting efficiently
60
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

the amount of extra oxygen needed to react with lactic acid in muscles and remove it from cells

61
Q

what does oxygen and lactic acid make

A

CO2 + H2O

62
Q

what happens to your body when theres high levels of lactic acid

A
  • oxygen debt occurs so your pulse and breathing rate stays high to repay the oxygen your muscles didnt get in time as your lungs, heart and blood couldnt keep up with the demands earlier on, so even after you stop exercising your breathing rate i high to get more oxygen in the blood
63
Q

except oxygen debt how else does your body cope with high levels of lactic acid

A

the blood that enters your muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver and in the liver the lactic acid is converted back into glucose

64
Q

how can you investigate effect if exercise on the body

A
  • you can measure the breathing rate by counting breaths, heart rate and by taking the pulse
  • your pulse rate will increase the more intense the exercise is as your body needs to get more oxygen to the muscles and take more C02 away from the muscles
65
Q

how to reduce random errors when investigating the effect of exercise on the body

A

do it as a group and plot the average pulse for each exercise

66
Q

Give two uses of the energy released in respiration.

A
  • movement / muscle
    contraction
  • keeping warm
67
Q

Water is taken in by the roots, transported up the plant and lost from the leaves.
Which scientific term describes this movement of water?

A

transpiration stream

68
Q

why is photosynthesis an endothermic reaction

A

more energy needs to be taken in from the environment
to break bonds between the atoms in carbon dioxide and water together
than is released when new bonds form in glucose and oxygen

69
Q

what does metabolism include

A
  • conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose
  • the formation of lipid molecules from a molecule of glycerol and three
    molecules of fatty acids
  • the use of glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids which in turn are used to synthesise proteins
  • respiration
70
Q

how can carbon from the atmosphere become part of a starch molecule inside a leaf

A

 carbon atom in carbon dioxide
 diffuses through stomata
 into air spaces in leaf
 into chloroplasts
 joins / bonds with water / hydrogen and oxygen
 to make glucose
 glucose is converted to starch (for storage)

biology (16 decks)

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