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Anatomy Semester 2 > The Heart 1 > Flashcards

The Heart 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of pericardium?

A

serous and fibrous

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2
Q

what are the inferior, anterior and superior attachments of the fibrous pericardium?

A
  • a strong fibrous sac that fuses inferiorly with the central tendon of the diaphragm
  • anteriorly it is loosely attached to the posterior aspect of the sternum
  • superior attachments are the adventitia of the neighbouring great vessels
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3
Q

what is the purpose of the fibrous pericardium?

A

prevents overfilling of the heart

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4
Q

describe the serous pericardium. what layers does it consist of and what separates the layers?

A
  • a double-layered sac that’s encloses the heart
  • parietal layer lines the fibrous pericardium, visceral layers covers the outer surface of the heart
  • 2 layers separated by the pericardial cavity.
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5
Q

name A-F (D to F are the layers of the heart wall)

A 
A = LV
B = RV
C = intraventricular septum 
D = endocardium 
E = myocardium
F = epicardium
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6
Q

what is another name for the epicardium?

A

visceral pericardium

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7
Q

what is the superior border of the heart formed from and what are the surface markings?

A
  • right atrium (mainly),left atrium, auricles

- 2nd left costal cartilage to 3rd right costal cartilage

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8
Q

what is the right (pulmonary) border formed by and what are the surface markings?

A
  • formed by the right atrium
  • 3rd - 6th right costal cartilages
  • extends over just 1cm to RHS of sternum
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9
Q

what is the inferior (diaphragmatic) border formed from and what are the surface markings?

A
  • mainly RV, also LV

- 6th right costal cartilage to 5th intercostal space in midclavicular line on the left

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10
Q

what is the left (pulmonary) border formed from and what are the surface markings?

A
  • mainly LV, also left auricle and aortic knuckle

- 2nd left costal cartilage to 5th intercostal space in midclavicular line

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11
Q

what forms the anterior wall of the heart and why?

A

mostly formed by right atrium and ventricle, due to the twisting of the heart during heart development, causing the left ventricle and atrium to lie posteriorly

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12
Q

what forms the base of the heart?

A

the atria, but mostly the left

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13
Q

what forms the apex of the heart and where is it?

A

left ventricle — 5th intercostal space mid clavicular line on LHS

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14
Q

what should the transverse diameter of the heart not usually be more than in relation to the thoracic cage?

A

should not be more than one half the width of the thoracic cage

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15
Q

what type of blood does the RA receive and from where?

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the SCV and IVC, and from the coronary veins

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16
Q

what valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

tricuspid

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17
Q

what does the right atrium form?

A

right border of the heart

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18
Q

what is an auricle and what is its function?

A

a muscular pouch that acts to increase the capacity of the atrium

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19
Q

what is the inferior surface of the right atrium divided into and what is it divided by?

A
  • divided by a muscular ridge called the crista terminalis
  • sinus venarum
  • atrium proper
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20
Q

what and where is the crista terminalis?

A

a smooth ridge of tissue that begins at the roof of the right atrium anterior to the superior vena cava orifice and extends inferiorly to the anterior lip of the inferior vena cava

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21
Q

what is the key difference between sinus venarum and atrium proper?

A

each have a distinct embryo logical origin

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22
Q

describe the sinus venarum

A
  • posterior to crista terminalis
  • receives blood from the SVC and IVC
  • has smooth walls
  • derived from the embryonic sinus venosus
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23
Q

describe the atrium proper

A
  • anterior ti the crista terminalis
  • includes right auricle
  • derived from the primitive atrium
  • has rough muscular walls formed by the pectinate muscles
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24
Q

where does the coronary sinus open into?

A

opens into the RA between the IVC orifice and the right AV orifice

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25
Q

what is the septal wall in the RA marked by?

A

the fossa ovalis

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26
Q

what is the fossa ovalis?

A

remnant of the foramen ovale in the foetal heart

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27
Q

what type of blood does the left atrium receive?

A

receives oxygenated blood from the 4 pulmonary veins

28
Q

what valve is between the LA and LV?

A

mitral (bicuspid) valve

29
Q

what is the inferior surface of the LA divided into?

A
  • inflow portion

- outflow portion

30
Q

describe the inflow portion of the LA

A
  • receives blood from the pulmonary veins
  • its internal surface is smooth
  • derived from pulmonary veins themselves
31
Q

describe the outflow portion of the LA

A
  • located anteriorly
  • includes the left auricle
  • lined by the pectinate muscles
  • derived from the embryonic atrium
32
Q

identify A-D in the right atrium

A 
A = pectinate muscles 
B = fossa ovalis 
C = IVC
D = SVC
33
Q

what is the difference between pectinate muscles and trabeculae carnae?

A

the same, just the first are in the atria and the second are in the ventricles

34
Q

describe the auricles

A
  • auricles mean ear — look like ear flaps on the atria
  • normally flat when resting
  • when the heart needs to increase the stroke volume, they expand allowing the atria to fill with more blood
35
Q

during the cardiac cycle, does there tricuspid or bicuspid valve close first?

A

the bicuspid (mitral) valve closes first

36
Q

which valve has cusps which consist of fibrous tissue covered by endocardium?

A

mitral valve

37
Q

describe the right ventricle

A
  • receives deoxygenated blood from the RA, and pumps it through the pulmonary orifice (guarded by the pulmonary valve) into the pulmonary artery
  • triangle shaped
  • forms the majority of the anterior border of the heart
  • divided into inflow and outflow portion, separated by a muscular ridge called the supraventricular crest
38
Q

which portion of the RV contains trabeculae carnae?

A

inflow portion

39
Q

what ‘pulls’ on the chordae tendinae to prevent prolapse of the 3 valve leaflets of the tricuspid valve during ventricular systole?

A

papillary muscles

40
Q

what portion of the RV leads to the pulmonary artery?

A

outflow portion

41
Q

which portion of the RV is located in the superior aspect of the ventricle?

A

outflow portion — leads to pulmonary artery

42
Q

what is the outflow portion of the RV derived from?

A

bulbis cordis

43
Q

how is the outflow portion of the RV visibly different from the rest of the RV?

A

has smooth walls, no trabeculae carnae

44
Q

what does the LV form?

A

apex of heart, as well as left and inferior borders

45
Q

what is the LV divided into?

A

inflow and outflow portions

same as RV: outflow is a derivative of bulbus cordis and is smooth walled (AKA. aortic vestibule), inflow portion lined by trabeculae carnae

46
Q

where is the pulmonary valve located (surface anatomy)?

A

2nd intercostal space, left of sternum

47
Q

where is the pulmonary valve? how many cusps?

A

between RV and pulmonary artery, 3 cusps

48
Q

where are each of the 4 valves (surface anatomy)?

A
49
Q

how many cusps does the aortic valve have?

A

3

50
Q

what do the semi lunar (pulmonary and aortic) valves prevent?

A

prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles during ventricular diastole

51
Q

in terms of pressure, when does the pulmonary valve open?

A

when pressure ventricle > pressure in pulmonary trunk

52
Q

in terms of pressure, when does the aortic valve open?

A

pressure in ventricle > pressure in aorta

53
Q

what unites to form the right brachiocephalic vein?

A

right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

54
Q

in what direction does the aortic arch pass?

A

anterior —> posterior

55
Q

what does the aortic arch give rise to?

A

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery

56
Q

what does brachiocephalic trunk give rise to?

A

right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

57
Q

what does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into?

A

right and left pulmonary arteries

58
Q

what 2 main nerves innervates the heart and what do each do?

A

1) phrenic nerve — transmits pain information from the parietal and fibrous pericardium
2) left vagus nerve — supplies PS innervation to the heart

59
Q

identify A-F

A 
A = right atrium 
B = right ventricle 
C = interventricular septum 
D = left ventricle
E = aortic valve 
F = fibrous pericardium
60
Q

name each valve

A
61
Q

what is the “lub” sound?

A

AV valves closing = mitral and tricuspid

62
Q

what is the “dub” sound?

A

semilunar valves closing = aortic and pulmonary

63
Q

what is the auscultation sequence of the 4 valves?

A

aortic, pulmonary, tricuspid, mitral (All Politicians Take Money)

64
Q

where can each valve be found? (surface anatomy)

A
65
Q

identify each

A

Anatomy Semester 2 (10 decks)

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