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Anatomy Semester 2 > lungs and respiratory tract > Flashcards

lungs and respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

name 3 functions of the upper respiratory tract

A
  • warms, humidifies and filters the air
  • olfaction (smell)
  • production and resonation of sound
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2
Q

name the 4 components of the upper respiratory tract

A
  1. nose
  2. paranasal sinuses
  3. pharynx
  4. larynx
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3
Q

what are vibrissae and what are their function?

A

short thick hairs at the entrance of the nose — filter particles

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4
Q

what are conchae and what are their functions?

A

bones in the nose — produce turbulent flow, increase time for warming and filtering the air

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5
Q

what is the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract? function?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium — mucocilary escalator

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6
Q

what is the purpose of a rich capillary network in the upper respiratory tract?

A

warms air

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7
Q

what is the function of serous glands in the upper respiratory tract?

A

humidifies air

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8
Q

what does the olfactory mucosa contain?

A

receptors for smell

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9
Q

what concha are there?

A

3 — superior, middle and inferior nasal concha

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10
Q

what is the name of the recess above the superior nasal concha?

A

the sphenoethmoidal recess

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11
Q

what is the name of the recess below the superior nasal concha?

A

superior meatus

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12
Q

what is the name of the recess below the middle nasal concha?

A

middle meatus

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13
Q

what is the name of the recess below the inferior nasal concha?

A

inferior meatus

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14
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

air filled spaces that communicate with the nose

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15
Q

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, maxillary

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16
Q

what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

lighten the weight of the skull, resonance of sound

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17
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses lined by?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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18
Q

which sinus provides surgical access to the pituitary gland?

A

sphenoid

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19
Q

which sinus is most likely to get blocked?

A

maxillary

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20
Q

describe the frontal paranasal sinus

A
  • there are 2
  • most superior of the sinuses
  • triangular shape
  • located within the frontal bone of the skull
  • opens into hiatus semilunaris, within the middle meatus
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21
Q

describe the sphenoid sinus

A
  • in the body of the sphenoid bone
  • open into sphenoethmoidal recess
  • gives access to pituitary gland
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22
Q

describe the ethmoidal sinus

A
  • 3
  • located in ethmoid bone
  • 1 = anterior — opens onto the hiatus semilunaris - middle meatus
  • 2 = middle — opens onto the lateral wall of the middle meatus
  • 3 = posterior — opens onto the lateral wall of the superior meatus
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23
Q

describe the maxillary sinus

A
  • largest sinus
  • they are located laterally and slightly inferiorly to the nasa; cavities
  • drain into the nasal cavity at the hiatus semilunaris, under the frontal sinus opening — potential pathway for spread of infection
  • fluid from the frontal sinus can enter the maxillary sinus
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24
Q

what does the epiglottis ensure?

A

that food doesn’t pass into the airways when swallowing

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25
Q

how does the epiglottis work?

A

it is pushed back by food and the pharynx and larynx are elevated so that the epiglottis covers the laryngeal inlet. the vocal cords are abducted to close the glottis

26
Q

what are the 3 surfaces of the lungs?

A

diaphragmatic, costal, mediastinal

27
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate?

A

at the carina

28
Q

what spinal level does the trachea begin at?

A

C6

29
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate (surface anatomy)?

A

at sternal angle (lower border of T4, rib 2)

30
Q

what does the trachea contain to ensure it stays open at all times?

A

horseshoe shaped rings of cartilage

31
Q

what is the trachealis muscle? function?

A

a thick band of smooth muscle that bridges the ends of the cartilage — stabilises the entire length of the trachea

32
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have and what are they?

A

3 — superior, middle, inferior

33
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have and what are they?

A

2 — superior and inferior

34
Q

what fissures are present in each lung?

A

right — horizontal and oblique

left — oblique

35
Q

where are the apices of the lungs?

A

above the clavicles

36
Q

where can the middle lobe be auscultated anteriorly?

A

between the 4th-6th ribs

37
Q

name main parts of the larynx (ascending to descending)

A
  • epiglottis
  • hyoid bone
  • thyroid cartilage
  • arytenoid cartilages
  • cricoid cartilage
  • corniculate cartilages
38
Q

what is present at the hilum on the mediastinal surface of the right lung?

A
  • right primary bronchus
  • pulmonary veins
  • pulmonary arteries
  • bronchial vessels, lymphatics, autonomic nerves
39
Q

what 2 impressions are present on the mediastinal surface of the right lung?

A
  • impression formed by the SVC

- impression formed by the azygos vein

40
Q

what is present at the hilum on the mediastinal surface of the left lung?

A
  • left primary bronchus
  • pulmonary veins
  • pulmonary arteries
41
Q

what impressions are there on the mediastinal surface of the left lung?

A
  • impression formed by the aortic arch
  • impression formed by the thoracic aorta
  • impression formed by the heart
42
Q

what innervation does the parietal pleural receive?

A

somatic sensory

43
Q

where does the internal thoracic artery arise from?

A

subclavian artery

44
Q

what are the 2 terminating branches of the internal thoracic artery?

A

musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries

45
Q

what is the arterial blood supply of the lungs?

A

comes from the right and left pulmonary arteries (originate from the pulmonary trunk)

46
Q

what is the venous drainage of the lungs?

A
  • pulmonary veins (2 for each lung)
  • in both lungs, the superior and inferior pulmonary veins receive blood from the superior and middle lobes (except the left, where blood is from the lingula instead of the middle lobe), and the lower lobe respectively and drain into the left atrium of the heart

right superior vein — superior and middle lobe
right inferior vein — inferior lobe
left superior vein — superior lobe
left inferior vein — inferior lobe

47
Q

the bronchi, lung roots, visceral pleura and supporting lung tissues require an extra nutritive blood supply. what are they delivered by and where do they arise?

A

bronchial arteries, which arise from the descending aorta

48
Q

what supply venous drainage to these?

A

bronchial veins

49
Q

where do the right and left bronchial veins drain into?

A

right — azygos vein

left — accessory hemiazygos vein

50
Q

what drains the lymph from the lung parenchyma?

A

superficial (subpleural) lymphatic plexus

51
Q

what drains lymph from the structures of the lung root?

A

deep lymphatic plexus

52
Q

what do the superficial and deep lymphatic plexuses drain into? where does lymph pass into from here?

A
  • the trachebronchial nodes — located around the bifurcation of the trachea and main bronchi
  • then into the right and left bronchomediastinal trunks
53
Q

what is the nerve supply of the lungs derived from?

A

pulmonary plexuses

54
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation of the lungs? effect?

A

derived from vagus nerve — stimulate secretion from the bronchial glands, contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels

55
Q

what is the sympathetic supply of the lungs? effect?

A

derived from the sympathetic trunks — stimulate relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vessels

56
Q

what is the visceral afferent innervation of the lungs?

A

conducts pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve

57
Q

what are the parietal and visceral pleura sensitive to?

A

parietal — pressure, pain, and temperature

visceral — not sensitive to these

58
Q

what is the parietal pleura innervated by?

A

phrenic and intercostal nerves

59
Q

what is the blood supply of the parietal pleura?

A

intercostal arteries

60
Q

what do the sensory fibres of the visceral pleura detect>?

A

stretch

61
Q

what is the autonomic innervation of the visceral pleura?

A

pulmonary plexus (a network of nerves derived from the sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve)

62
Q

what is the arterial supply of the lungs and what are they branches of?

A

bronchial arteries — branches of the descending aorta, which also supply the parenchyma of the lungs

Anatomy Semester 2 (10 decks)

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