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Anatomy Semester 2 > Haemotology > Flashcards

Haemotology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the spleen in the life cycle of a RBC?

A
  • produces RBCs during foetal life (haemopoiesis)

- macrophages remove damaged and worn-out blood cells

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2
Q

describe the location of the spleen

A
  • left upper quadrant of the abdomen
  • posterior to the stomach
  • under cover to the lower ribs and diaphragm
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3
Q

what are the borders of the spleen?

A
  • superior

- inferior

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4
Q

what vessels leave/enter the hilum of the spleen?

A

splenic artery and splenic vein

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5
Q

what impression does the spleen have?

A

gastric impression

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6
Q

where are the splenic notches?

A

anterior aspect of the superior border

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7
Q

identify A-F

A 
A - superior border
B - inferior border 
C - splenic notches
D - splenic artery 
E - splenic vein
F - gastric impression
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8
Q

what is the role of the liver in the life cycle of a RBC?

A
  • produces RBCs during foetal life (haemopoiesis)
  • Kupffer cells break down damaged and worn out blood cells
  • uses broken down heme to form bile
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9
Q

where is the liver?

A
  • right upper quadrant of the abdomen

- under cover of ribs and diaphragm

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10
Q

identify A, B and C

A

A - liver (cut)
B - stomach
C - gall bladder

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11
Q

what is the ligament between the right and left lobes of the liver?

A

falciform ligament

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12
Q

what does the falciform ligament do?

A

attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

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13
Q

what is located under the liver?

A

gall bladder

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14
Q

what does the gall bladder do?

A

stores and concentrates bile

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15
Q

name the 4 lobes of the liver A-D

A

A - right
B - left
C - quadrate
D - caudate

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16
Q

where does the IVC run in relation to the liver?

A

runs up the posterior aspect of the liver

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17
Q

what is the porta hepatis?

A

= door the the liver

  • hepatic arteries
  • portal vein
  • hepatic ducts
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18
Q

describe an erythrocyte

A

= RBC

  • biconcave discs
  • average size 6.7um
  • no nucleus
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19
Q

what are the functions of platelets?

A
  • form platelet plugs to occlude sites of vascular damage
  • provide a surface for the accumulation of coagulation protein complexes
  • secrete factors involved in vascular repair
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20
Q

what are the granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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21
Q

what are the agranulocytes?

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

22
Q

what is this?

A

basophil

23
Q

what is this?

A

monocyte

24
Q

what is this?

A

eosinophil

25
Q

what is this?

A

lymphocyte

26
Q

what is this?

A

neutrophil

27
Q

describe a neutrophil

A
  • granulocyte
  • a type of leucocyte
  • approx 12-14um
  • multilobed nucleus
  • accounts for 40-75% of the differential count
  • function: phagocytic, involved in the acute inflammatory response
28
Q

describe a basophil

A
  • type of leucocyte
  • granulocyte
  • approx 14-16um
  • bilobed nucleus — usually obscured by granules
  • accounts for less than 1% of the differential count
  • function: releases histamine and heparin, involved in immune response
29
Q

describe an eosinophil

A
  • type of leucocyte
  • granulocyte
  • approx 12-17um
  • bilobed nucleus
  • accounts for 1-6%
  • function: defence against parasites, involved in allergic reactions
30
Q

describe a lymphocyte

A
  • type of leucocyte
  • agranulocyte
  • approx 6-9um
  • nucleus is large and round, almost fills cell
  • accounts for 25%
  • function: phagocytic
31
Q

describe a monocyte

A
  • type of leucocyte
  • agranulocyte
  • up to 20um
  • indented nucleus
  • accounts for 2-10%
  • differentiate into macrophages in tissue
  • function: phagocytic
32
Q

how do you remember the % make up of leucocytes?

most-fewest

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

  1. neutrophils
  2. lymphocytes
  3. monocytes
  4. eosinophils
  5. basophils
33
Q

what is a leucocyte?

A

WBC

34
Q

where is haemopoiesis in a foetus?

A
  1. first 3 months: yolk sac — blood islands
  2. 3rd-5th month: spleen, liver and lymph nodes
  3. 5th month — : bone marrow in all bones
35
Q

where is haemopoiesis in a child?

A

bone marrow of long bones eg. femur, tibia etc.

36
Q

where is haemopoiesis in an adult?

A

bone marrow of pelvis, cranium, vertebrae and sternum

37
Q

where is bone marrow located?

A

between trabeculae of cancellous bones (spongy bones)

38
Q

what is erythropoiesis directly stimulated by?

A

erythropoietin = a peptide hormone that is secreted by the kidneys and liver

39
Q

what does erythropoietin stimulate?

A
  • increased cell division rates of erythroblasts and stem cells
  • speeds up maturation of RBCs by accelerating the rate of Hb
40
Q

when do increased erythropoietin levels occur?

A

host:

  • is anaemic
  • has declining blood perfusion to the kidneys
  • has low O2 saturation
  • has damaged respiratory surfaces of the lungs
41
Q

how long can erythrocytes last in the blood before being recycled by macrophages?

A

100-120 days

42
Q

when RBCs fully mature, what % of RBCs are recycled, haemolyse or rupture?

A

recycled = 90%

haemolyse or rupture = 10%

43
Q

what happens to the a and b chains when Hb breaks down?

A

alpha and beta chains are filtered in the kidneys and eliminated in urine

44
Q

what do macrophages do to RBCs?

A

phagocytose the remaining fragments of the RBCs

45
Q

what happens to the amino acids from RBCs?

A

either metabolised by macrophage or released in the bloodstream for use by other cells

46
Q

what happens to the haem groups?

A

stripped of its iron and converted to biliverdin, a green organic compound

47
Q

what happens to biliverdin?

A

converts to bilirubin in the macrophage and is then released into the blood where it binds to albumin and gets transported to the liver to be excreted in bile

haem removed of iron — biliverdin — bilirubin in macrophage — binds to albumin in blood — liver to be excreted in bile

48
Q

what is the blood composition of plasma vs. formed elements?

A

plasma = 55%

formed elements = 45%

49
Q

where does phagocytosis of Hb occur?

A
  • by macrophages in spleen and bone marrow

- by Kupffer cells in liver

50
Q

red vs yellow bone marrow

A

red:

  • haematopoiesis
  • present in most bones in newborns
  • in adults, found in axial skeleton, scapula and pelvis
  • rich vascular supply

yellow:

  • mainly composed of adipose tissue
  • replaces red marrow with age
  • chronic hypoxia can result in yellow —> red conversion
  • poor vascular supply
51
Q

red vs white pulp in the spleen

A

red:

  • makes up the majority of the spleens parenchyma
  • involved in removal of old RBCs
  • site of haematopoiesis in utero
  • consists of manly venous sinuses and splenic cords

white:

  • compromise of lymph-related nodules containing lymphocytes and macrophages
  • plays a role in opsonisation of encapsulated bacteria
52
Q

when does membrane rupture of RBCs occur?

A

occurs as cells squeeze through red pulp of spleen

Anatomy Semester 2 (10 decks)

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