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My WSET LEVET 3 > The Growing Environment > Flashcards

The Growing Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 things a vine needs to grow?

A

heat, sunlight, water, nutrients, and CO2

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2
Q

What is veraisan?

A

the change in color from green to blue/black, pink or golden brown of a grape

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3
Q

why does a vine need heat?

A

if it is too cold it will either not grow or it will struggle to survive

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4
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis?

A

when the vine uses sunlight to combine CO2 and water to produce glucose and oxygen

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5
Q

What occurs to a vine after photosynthesis?

A

the vines combines glucose with the nutrients it extracts from the soil to support its growth and most importantly ripen the grapes. Oxygen is lost through the leaves

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6
Q

What are the 6 factors affecting heat?

A

latitude, altitude, ocean currants, fog, soil and aspect

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7
Q

what is the latitudes that vineyards mostly lie between?

A

30-50 north and south of the equator

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8
Q

How does altitude affect vineyards in terms of heat?

A

as altitude increases temperatures decrease which allows places closer to the equator (northern Argentina) to be able to grow grapes

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9
Q

How do ocean current impact vineyards in terms of heat?

A

Major currents transport large volumes of warm or cold water across the surface of the ocean. This leads to localized warming or cooling in certain wine regions.

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10
Q

How does fog impact vineyards in terms of heat?

A

fog can help cool vineyards that may struggle to produce high quality grapes (ex. CA and Casablanca Valley in Chile)

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11
Q

How does color of soil impact vineyards in terms of heat?

A

soils that are dark in color or have a high stone and rock content absorb and reradiate more of the sun’s heat than lightly colored soils.

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12
Q

How does water content of soil impact vineyards in terms of heat?

A

soils with higher water content require more energy to warm up and conduct heat from the vine more quickly than dry soils - potentially delaying budburst

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13
Q

How does Aspect impact vineyards in terms of heat?

A

slopes that face the equator receive more heat and steeper slopes benefit even more from this affect

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14
Q

What is aspect?

A

The direction in which a slope faces

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15
Q

What is continentality?

A

the temperature difference between the coldest and hottest months

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16
Q

Areas close to large bodies of water have what level of continentality?

A

low - because they heat up more slowly causing less extremes

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17
Q

Areas that are further inland have what level of continentality?

A

high - because `land masses don’t take as long to heat up causing more extremes

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18
Q

what is diurnal range?

A

the difference between daytime and night time temperatures

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19
Q

What do cool nights do for grapes?

A

help to slow loss of aromas and acidity

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20
Q

What do warm nights do for grapes?

A

accelerate the ripening

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21
Q

What can reduce a diurnal range for a vineyard?

A
  1. bodies of water (seas, lakes, rivers) by providing cooling breezes during the day and keeping vineyards warm overnight
  2. cloud cover as temperature drops more quickly on clear nights and rise more slowly on cloudy days
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22
Q

Explain 3 reasons why winter is a temperature hazard for vineyards

A
  1. vines can be seriously damaged or killed if temps fall below -20C or
  2. if the winter is too mild the grapes may have more than one crop and could shorten the life of the vine or quality of the grape.
  3. Mild winters also increase the risk of pests surviving to attack the vines the following year
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23
Q

which part of the vine is most at risk to be damaged during the winter?

A

graft

24
Q

What do spring frosts do to vines?

A

when cold air below 0 C collects near the ground it freezes any water vapor that is near the vine or on the ground. This can kill newly burst buds or young shoots.

25
Q

What are 4 ways to protect from spring frosts?

A
  1. heaters
    2 wind machines
    3 sprinklers
    4 thoughtful vineyard design
26
Q

What happens to the growing season when there is a cold spring?

A

This shortens growing season not allowing the grapes enough time to ripen before autumn; crops can be smaller

27
Q

What happens when there is an extremely hot summer?

A

all vine activity will slow and eventually stop even when there is enough water

28
Q

Why does a vine need sunlight?

A

in order to produce photosynthesis which in turn produces glucose. The more glucose the more the grape ripens and grows. Flowers and fruit set also benefits from sunlight

29
Q

How does latitude impact vineyards in term of sunlight?

A

day length is longer the further the vineyard is from the equator helping grapes to ripen (Riesling in Germany)

30
Q

How do seas and lakes impact vineyards in terms of sunlight?

A

vineyards near seas and lakes experience more cloud cover. Also vineyards situated above rivers or lakes c an benefit from sunlight reflected from the water

31
Q

How does aspect impact vineyards in terms of sunlight?

A

a slope’s aspect affects the amount of sunlight it receives and steeper slopes benefit more from this. Vineyards facing the equator receive more sunlight.

32
Q

explain two sunlight hazards

A
  1. not enough sun - cloudy skies leading to less crops

2. too much sunlight causing sunburn leading to bitterness in the grapes

33
Q

why does a vine need water?

A

for photosynthesis and to swell its grapes during ripening.

34
Q

name three main irrigation techniques

A

drip irrigation
sprinklers
flood irrigation

35
Q

what are three water hazards for vineyards?

A
  1. drought
  2. too much water
  3. hail
36
Q

what is the definition of climate?

A

the annual pattern for a region of temperature, sunlight and rainfall averaged out over several years.

37
Q

What is the temp range for a cool climate?

A

16.5 C and below

38
Q

what is the temp range for a moderate climate?

A

16.5-18.5 C

39
Q

what is the temp range for a warm climate?

A

18.5-21 C

40
Q

what is the temp range for a hot climate?

A

exceeding 21 C

41
Q

Describe a Continental climate

A

has the highest continentality characterized with short summers and a large rapid temp drop in autumn. they also have dry summers

42
Q

name two cool continental climate regions

A

Chablis and Champagne

43
Q

describe a maritime climate

A

characterized by cool to moderate temperatures and a low annual difference between the hottest and coldest month. Rainfall is evenly spread throughout the year. however the rainfall in the spring and summer can be harmful to flowering, fruit set and health of the grapes at harvest

44
Q

name a maritime climate region

A

Bordeaux - cab Sauv

45
Q

describe a Mediterranean Climate

A

low temp difference between hottest and coldest month but summers are warm and dry. hot temp leads to a fuller body wine, lower acidity, higher alcohol, and riper tannins

46
Q

name name some places with a Mediterranean climate

A

CA, Chile, South Africa, SE Australia and across teh Mediterranean

47
Q

what are the largest soil particles?

A

stone

48
Q

what other particles besides stone are in soil?

A

tiny particles such as sand (largest) and clay (smallest)

49
Q

What is humus?

A

its made up of decomposing plant and animal materials that are rich in plant nutrients and have excellent water retaining qualities

50
Q

how is water stored in the soil?

A

by binding the clay particles or humus.

51
Q

what happens if soil has too much clay

A

can easily become waterlogged

52
Q

what happens with soil with sand and stone particles?

A

they do not hold water and facilitate water drainage

53
Q

what is soil that has a mixture of sand and clay particles?

A

loam

54
Q

what are the 3 most important nutrients for a vine?

A

nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

55
Q

what is a common symptom linked to lack of nutrients?

A

chlorosis

56
Q

Describe Chlorosis

A

the leaves turn yellow and the vine’s ability to photosynthesize is restricted. (fertilizer can help prevent)

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